Journal of Graduate Saket Review

Cognitive Debt and the Assessment Crisis in the Age of AI: The Architecture of AI Augmented Liberal Education

Supaphorn Akkapin — 2026-02-17

The rapid integration of generative artificial intelligence (generative AI) into higher education marks a structural epistemic shift rather than the mere introduction of another digital tool. Systems such as ChatGPT now take over parts of the thinking and writing once undertaken by students and academics, compelling universities to reconsider which forms of intellectual capability they must protect and cultivate over the long term. Meta-analyses and systematic reviews indicate that when instructors intentionally design learning activities and assessments, generative AI can enhance student achievement, higher-order thinking, and motivation to learn, while recent work such as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)’s Your Brain on ChatGPT project warns that when students offload too much deep thinking to AI, they may accumulate “cognitive debt” that undermines authorship, stylistic distinctiveness, and the ability to remember and defend their own arguments.

This article argues that the appropriate response is neither to ban AI nor to embrace it uncritically, but to design AI-augmented liberal education with a clear underlying architecture, developing a four-layer framework that identifies (1) foundational literacies, (2) disciplinary knowledge and practice, (3) critical AI literacy, and (4) ethical, civic, and epistemic reflexivity as domains that must be strengthened rather than replaced by automation. The framework is translated into conceptual diagrams, design tables, and an example of a human–AI co-learning loop for academic writing, linking each layer to concrete decisions about course design, assessment tasks, and grading criteria, and offering guidance for instructors and curriculum leaders on designing AI-resilient assessments, setting course-level AI policies, and organizing faculty development so that graduates can learn to think with, against, and beyond machines rather than being quietly displaced by them.

Personnel Administration Based on the Four Brahmavihara Principles of Teachers and Educational Personnel under the Roi Et Provincial Vocational Education Office

Apichat Paritanang — 2026-04-30

The research objectives are as follows: 1) study the current state of personnel administration. 2) examine development methods based on the Four Sublime States of Mind (Brahmavihara 4). and 3) propose developmental guidelines for personnel administration based on these principles for teachers and educational personnel under the Roi Et Provincial Vocational Education Office. The sample consisted of 175 administrators and teachers, while 10 key informants were interviewed. Data were analyzed using percentage and frequency statistics. The results revealed that the overall state of personnel administration was at a high level.

The research results found that:

The methods for developing personnel administration based on Brahmavihara 4 include 1) Personnel Planning, emphasizing Metta (Loving-kindness) for career pathing and Upekkha (Equanimity) for fair competency-based selection. 2) Personnel Development, applying Metta in positive supervision and Karuna (Compassion) for urgent coaching, with Upekkha ensuring evaluative justice. 3) Personnel Retention, utilizing Metta for flexible welfare and Karuna for emergency support systems to alleviate distress. and 4) Performance Measurement, using Metta to reward effort, Karuna to coach underperformers, and Upekkha for standardized, neutral appeal systems. Mudita (Sympathetic Joy) is integrated across all functions to foster a culture of recognition. Finally, the proposed developmental guidelines were validated by specialized experts, confirming the highest level of appropriateness, feasibility, and utility.

The Implementation of the Student Support System Affecting the Quality of Life of Students under the Phangnga Phuket and Ranong Secondary Educational Service Area Office

ิSirinat Buakankit — 2026-04-30

The research objectives are as follows: 1) to study the level of operation of the student care system; 2) to study the level of quality of life of students; 3) to study the relationship between the operation of the student care system and the quality of life of students; and 4) to study the operation of the student care system of educational institutions that affect the quality of life of students under the Office of the Secondary Education Service Area, Phang Nga, Phuket, Ranong. The sample consisted of 299 teachers working in schools under the Office of the Secondary Education Service Area, Phang Nga, Phuket, Ranong, in the 2024 academic year. The instrument used was a questionnaire. The statistics used were frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression analysis.

The research results found that:

1) The overall operation of the student care system under the Office of the Secondary Education Service Area, Phang Nga, Phuket, Ranong, is at the highest level. 2) The overall quality of life of students under the Office of the Secondary Education Service Area, Phang Nga, Phuket, Ranong, is at a high level. 3) The results of the analysis of the relationship between the operation of the student care system and the quality of life of students under the Office of the Secondary Education Service Area, Phang Nga, Phuket, Ranong, are positively related at a moderate level. The correlation coefficient (r) is equal to .803, which is statistically significant at the .01 level. 4) The results of the analysis of the operation of the student care system that affects the quality of life of students under the Office of the Secondary Education Service Area, Phang Nga, Phuket, Ranong, found that the operation of the student care system in all 4 aspects, namely prevention, Helping and solving student problems (X4), promoting and developing students (X3), screening students (X2), and knowing students individually (X1) had a multiple correlation coefficient (R) of .832, a predictive correlation coefficient (R2) of .692, or a predictive power of 69.20 percent.

The 21st-Century School Administration Guided by Sappurisa Dhamma Sevenof School Administrators under the Phatthalung Primary EducationalService Area Office One

Anucha Porthong — 2026-04-30

This research aimed to 1) study the level of good governance management of school administrators under the Office of the Primary Educational Service Area, Samut Sakhon, 2) study the level of motivation of teachers under the Office of the Primary Educational Service Area, Samut Sakhon, and 3) study the management according to the principles of good governance of school administrators affecting the motivation of teachers under the Office of the Primary Educational Service Area. This research was a quantitative research. The sample group used in this research came from the population of personnel holding the position of school administrators and teachers in schools under the Office of the Primary Educational Service Area, Samut Sakhon, academic year 2024, totaling 322 people. The research tool was a 5-level rating scale questionnaire. The statistics used for data analysis included frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and stepwise multiple regression analysis.

The research results found that 1) the level of good governance management of school administrators under the Samut Sakhon Primary Educational Service Area Office had the highest average overall level; 2) the level of motivation of teachers under the Samut Sakhon Primary Educational Service Area Office had the highest average overall level; and 3) the analysis of the level of good governance management of school administrators affecting the motivation of teachers under the Samut Sakhon Primary Educational Service Area Office, ranked from most to least influential as follows: transparency (X3), rule of law (X1), participation (X4), and cost-effectiveness (X6). These factors significantly affected the motivation of teachers under the Samut Sakhon Primary Educational Service Area Office at the .01 level. The influence of good governance management of school administrators on teachers' motivation, namely transparency (X3), rule of law (X1), participation (X4), and cost-effectiveness (X6), could predict 65.60 percent of the motivation of teachers under the Samut Sakhon Primary Educational Service Area Office.

Budget Management On Gharavasadhamma 4 Of Administrators In Primary Schools Under Roi Et Educational Service Area Office 2

Nutkrita Norachan — 2026-04-30

This research aims to 1) study the budget management practices of primary school administrators under the Roi Et Educational Service Area Office 2, 2) study the budget management methods based on the Four Noble Truths of Laypersons of primary school administrators under the Roi Et Educational Service Area Office 2, and 3) propose guidelines for budget management based on the Four Noble Truths of Laypersons of primary school administrators under the Roi Et Educational Service Area Office 2. A mixed-methods quantitative and qualitative research approach was used. The sample consisted of 180 school administrators. Data was collected using questionnaires and interviews with 9 experts.

The research findings revealed that:

1) The overall budget management practices of primary school administrators were at a high level, encompassing budget preparation and submission, budget allocation, resource mobilization and investment in education, financial management, accounting management, materials and asset management, and monitoring, evaluation, and reporting.

2) The budget management methods based on the Four Noble Truths reflected adherence to truth, honesty, transparency, self-control and adherence to regulations, patience in resolving problems and obstacles, and generosity in the form of sacrifice for the common good and fair budget distribution.

3) The proposed budget management approach involves integrating the four principles of secular ethics into every stage of budget management, along with developing a transparent and participatory monitoring and evaluation mechanism involving all sectors.

The research findings can be used as a guideline to improve the efficiency of budget management in primary schools, as well as enhance transparency, credibility, and the quality of education at the local level in a sustainable manner

Management of learning resources based on the principles of sappayadhammaof teachers and educational personnel at opportunityexpansion schoolsunder the office of the Roi et primary educational service area 2

Chawanrut Norachan — 2026-04-30

This research aimed to 1) study the state of learning resource management by teachers and educational personnel in extended opportunity schools under the Office of Roi Et Primary Educational Service Area 2, 2) study the methods of learning resource management based on the Sappaya Dhamma principles by teachers and educational personnel in extended opportunity schools under the Office of Roi Et Primary Educational Service Area 2, and 3) propose guidelines for learning resource management based on the Sappaya Dhamma principles that are appropriate for the context of extended opportunity schools. The research employed a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative sample consisted of 309 teachers and educational personnel. Data was collected using questionnaires and analyzed using mean and standard deviation. In addition, an evaluation form from 30 teachers and personnel from extended opportunity schools was used to analyze development needs. The qualitative research collected data through interviews with 9 experts in learning resource management and religion, and analyzed using content analysis.

The research findings showed :

The teachers and educational personnel from schools providing expanded educational opportunities under the Office of the Roi Et Primary Educational Service Area 2 were selected from the entire population using simple random sampling. The sample size was determined using the Krejcie & Morgan table, resulting in a sample size of 309 people out of a total population of 1,580 people from 96 schools.1) The state of learning resource management in schools providing expanded educational opportunities reflects the operation of educational supervision, curriculum development, innovative media development, and learning resource organization. 2) The learning resource management methods based on the Sappaya Dhamma principles include continuous measurement and evaluation of learning resources, designing and improving learning resources to promote creative learning, and developing innovative media through participation and designing media that is relevant to the present era. 3) The proposed guidelines for learning resource management based on the Sappaya Dhamma principles include systematic measurement and evaluation of learning resources to reflect the quality of educational management and can be used to a great extent.

Developing Behavioral Leadership Based On The 4 Divine States Of Mind Of Administrators Of Buddhist Schools In The General Education Department In The Northeastern Region

Suthilak Dongphonrang — 2026-04-30

This research aims to 1) study the behavioral leadership based on the Four Sublime States of Mind (Brahma Vihara 4) of school administrators in Buddhist monastic schools (general education section) in the northeastern region of Thailand; 2) study methods for developing behavioral leadership based on the Four Sublime States of Mind (Brahma Vihara 4) of school administrators in Buddhist monastic schools (general education section); and 3) propose guidelines for developing behavioral leadership based on the Four Sublime States of Mind (Brahma Vihara 4) of school administrators in Buddhist monastic schools (general education section) in the northeastern region of Thailand

The research population consisted of 280 school administrators from 205 schools in the northeastern region. The sample size was determined using the Krejcie-Morgan table, resulting in a sample of 162 administrators. Qualitative research was conducted using in-depth interviews with 9 key informants. Data collection instruments included closed-ended and open-ended questionnaires. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation statistics.

The research findings showed that:

1) The overall behavioral leadership based on the Four Sublime States of Mind of the administrators was at a high level. When considering each aspect, it was found that 1) The behavior of participation had the highest average score, followed by task-oriented behavior and relationship-oriented behavior, while the behavior of change and innovation had the lowest average score.

2) The overall method of developing behavioral leadership based on the Four Sublime States of Mind (Brahma Vihara 4) was at a high level. The aspect of understanding the cause (Dhammanyuta) had the highest average score, followed by understanding the effect (Atthanyuta) and understanding the person (Pukkhalanyuta).

3) The guidelines for developing behavioral leadership based on the Four Sublime States of Mind (Brahma Vihara 4) showed that administrators could apply the principles of loving-kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy, and equanimity (Upekkha) in management to create a balance between focusing on work results and caring for colleagues, promoting participation, good relationships, and the sustainable development of educational innovation

Personnel Administration Control According To The Four Divine Abodes Of The Administrators Of The General Education Department Of The Buddhist Studies Schoolnortheastern Region

Nidtaya Saengwut — 2026-04-30

This research aimed to 1) study the status of personnel management promotion among administrators of Buddhist schools in the general education department in the Northeastern region; 2) study methods for promoting personnel management based on the Four Divine Abodes; and 3) propose guidelines for promoting personnel management based on the Four Divine Abodes. The research utilized a mixed-method approach, employing both quantitative and qualitative data. The quantitative sample consisted of 162 administrators. Data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed using means and standard deviations. The evaluation of the appropriateness, feasibility, and usefulness of the approach was conducted using nine administrators. The qualitative study utilized interviews with nine experts and content analysis.

The results revealed that:

The overall status of personnel management promotion based on the Four Divine Abodes was high (x̄ = 4.05, SD = 0.58). Metta had the highest mean score, followed by mudita, and equanimity had the lowest mean score. Regarding personnel management promotion methods, administrators utilized a variety of Brahmaviharas, including workforce planning using compassion to prevent problems and mudita to enhance motivation. In recruiting, Metta considered human values. And use equanimity in fair selection. Human resource development uses kindness in developing IDPs and uses mudita to create a mentoring system. Human resource retention uses kindness to build trust and compassion to organize a care and support system. As for evaluation, use the principle of equanimity to set neutral criteria and use mudita to praise and reward. The proposed guidelines include setting written, transparent, and unbiased human resource management criteria, auditable recruitment, developing personnel with a culture of appreciation, retention through building engagement, and evaluation that focuses on development, along with a diverse reward system. The evaluation results found that the guidelines were appropriate, feasible, and highly beneficial.

The relationship between the transformational leadership of educational administrators and the implementation of internal quality assurance in educational institutions under the Office of Private Education Songkhla Province

Nuttaphong Phoowiangkaew — 2026-04-30

This research aimed to 1) study the status and problems of participation in academic administration according to the Sangahavatthu principles of teachers and educational personnel in extended opportunity schools under the Office of the Roi Et Primary Educational Service Area, Area 2; 2) study methods for participation in academic administration according to these principles; and 3) propose approaches to promote participation in academic administration using a mixed-methods, quantitative and qualitative research methodology. The quantitative sample consisted of 306 teachers and educational personnel, and the qualitative sample consisted of nine experts in academic administration and Buddhism. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and content analysis.

The results revealed:

1) Overall, the status and problems of participation in academic administration were high. All areas had high mean scores.

These areas, ranked in order of importance, included curriculum development, measurement and evaluation, educational supervision, teaching and learning management, and the lowest level, the use of educational media and technology.

2) Academic administration should focus on a systematic participatory process, beginning with reflection on the results of the curriculum implementation to improve its alignment with the school context. This should be followed by improving the quality of learning through appropriate planning and participatory evaluation that allows all parties to participate in designing and reflecting on the results transparently. Along with promoting the use of local media and participatory supervision, the evaluation results showed that curriculum reflection, participatory assessment, and the use of local media were at the highest levels, while learning quality development and supervision were at a high level.

3) Participatory approaches to academic administration should emphasize continuous and systematic operations, providing opportunities for relevant stakeholders to analyze, improve, and develop the curriculum. They should promote learning management that is relevant to learners, implement transparent assessments, integrate local media, and engage in collaborative supervision to enhance educational quality and foster a collaborative culture within educational institutions.

Supplies Management base on the Good Governance of School Administrators under the Roi Et Primary Educational Service Area Office 2

Chanudda Sudcharee — 2026-04-30

This research has objectives: 1) to study the current state of supplies management among school administrators under The Roi Et Primary Educational Service Area Office 2; 2) to study the and 3) to propose guidelines for supplies management based on Good Governance for school administrators under the Roi Et Primary Educational Service Area Office 2. A mixed-methods research design was employed. The sample consisted of 181 administrators. The research instruments included a questionnaire, semi-structured interviews, and evaluation forms. Data were analyzed using percentage and frequency statistics.

The results of research found that:

1) Current State of Supplies Management. The practices of supplies management among school administrators in the affiliated area, the overall level of transformational leadership was high ( = 4.35), ranked from most to least frequent practice, were: storage, recording, and disbursement; maintenance and inspection of supplies; disposal of supplies; and lending/borrowing of supplies.

2) Methods of Supplies Management based on Good Governance, Disposal of Supplies, Administrators emphasize strict adherence to government regulations from the surveying stage to the conversion of status. A committee is openly appointed to allow stakeholders to participate in the decision-making process. The disposed items must be currently written off from the inventory records, and a disposal report must be provided to all relevant agencies. Strict control and supervision of the disposal process are also implemented. Lending/Borrowing of Supplies: All borrowing transactions must be documented in writing, clearly stating the reason for borrowing and the return date. All borrowers are treated equally without discrimination. The approval process is facilitated to be quick and timely. The borrower is responsible for the maintenance and any damage incurred, while the assigned officer must follow up to ensure the complete return of the items.

3) Guidelines for Supplies Management based on Good Governance: Experts who implemented the proposed methods confirmed that the guidelines for supplies management are at the highest level of suitability, feasibility, and usefulness.

The Guidelines for Implementing the Student Care and Support System of School under the Songkhla Primary Educational Service Area Office 2

Sasithorn Areepong — 2026-04-30

This qualitative and quantitative research aimed to 1) study the level of student care system operation of educational institutions under the Office of the Basic Education Commission, Songkhla Educational Service Area 2, and 2) study the guidelines for the operation of student care systems of educational institutions under the Office of the Basic Education Commission, Songkhla Educational Service Area 2. The research method consisted of 2 phases as follows: Phase 1: Study the level of student care system operation of educational institutions under the Office of the Basic Education Commission, Songkhla Educational Service Area 2. The sample consisted of 97 educational institutions under the Office of the Basic Education Commission, Songkhla Educational Service Area 2. The data collection tool was a questionnaire with content validity of 0.67-1.00 and reliability of .981. Data were analyzed using statistics including frequency, mean, percentage, and standard deviation. Phase 2: Study the guidelines for the operation of student care systems of educational institutions under the Office of the Basic Education Commission, Songkhla Educational Service Area 2. The key informants were educational institutions that received the Excellent Student Care System Award for the 2024 academic year. Three representatives from the Songkhla Primary Educational Service Area Office 2 were interviewed for the data collection tool, and data were analyzed using content analysis.

The research results revealed that:

1) The overall level of student care system implementation in educational institutions under the Songkhla Primary Educational Service Area Office 2 was at the highest level. When considering each aspect, it was found that the areas of individual student recognition, student promotion and development, student prevention and problem solving, student screening, and student referrals were at the highest level, while student referrals were at a high level. 2) Guidelines for the implementation of the student care system in educational institutions under the Songkhla Primary Educational Service Area Office 2 included: 1) individual student recognition, 2) screening, 3) student promotion and development, 4) prevention and problem solving, and 5) student referrals.

The Development of Transformational Leadership Based on the Four Sublime States of Mind (Brahmavihara 4) of Educational Administrators Under Roi Et Provincial Vocational Education Office

Kamonwan Paritanang — 2026-04-30

This study aimed to: (1) examine the current state of transformational leadership, (2) explore development methods, and (3) propose development guidelines based on the Four Sublime States of Mind (Brahmavihara 4) among educational administrators under the Roi Et Provincial Vocational Education Office. A mixed-methods research design was employed. The sample consisted of 175 administrators and teachers, while 10 key informants were interviewed. Data were analyzed using percentage and frequency statistics.

The findings revealed that:

(1) the overall level of transformational leadership was high, with inspirational motivation ranked highest. (2) The development method focuses on applying the Brahmavihara 4principles to reinforce the four core components of leadership 1) Idealized Influence utilizes Meta and Upekkha to establish fair policies and data-driven decisions. 2) Inspirational Motivation uses Metta and Karuna to cultivate hope and remove obstacles, supported by Mudita for recognizing advancement. 3) Intellectual Stimulation applies Metta for nurturing intellect and Karuna for coaching complex problems, with Upekkha ensuring impartial, reason-based creative decision-making. 4) Individualized Consideration employs Metta and Karuna for consultation and assistance in distress, complemented by Mudita and Upekkha to respect autonomy and reinforce continuous growth and (3) the proposed guidelines were validated by experts as highly appropriate, feasible, and beneficial.

Public participation in Tourism Management around Rachaprapha Dam Khao Phang Subdistrict Ban Ta Khun District Surat Thani Province

Athiwat Chaengtong — 2026-04-30

This study aimed to 1 ) study the level of public participation in tourism management at Ratchaprapha Dam, Khao Phang Subdistrict, Ban Ta Khun District, Surat Thani Province and 2) compare the level of public participation in tourism management around Ratchaprapha Dam, Khao Phang Subdistrict, Ban Ta Khun District, Surat Thani Province, classified by personal factors. The sample consisted of 368 people living in the area of Ratchaprapha Dam, Khao Phang Subdistrict, Ban Ta Khun District, Surat Thani Province. Data were collected by questionnaires and analyzed using statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).

The study results found that:

1) Overall, public participation in tourism management around the Ratchaprapha Dam, Khao Phang Subdistrict, Ban Ta Khun Diesteict, Surat Thani Province was found to be at a high level ( = 3.92, S.D. = 0.61). The aspect with the highest average value was participation in evaluation, followed by participation in the implementation process, and the lowest average value was participation in project initiation and problem finding. 2) Public participation in tourism management at Ratchaprapha Dam, Khao Phang Subdistrict, Ban Ta Khun District, Surat Thani Province, categorized by gender, age, education, occupation, income, length of residence, and marital status, did not show statistically significant differences. 3) Guidelines for developing tourism management at the Ratchaprapha Dam should focus on creating platforms and digital channels to enable public participation. Participatory planning should be promoted through workshops or small group meetings. Finally, the transparency of evaluation should be improved by disseminating information and providing opportunities for the public to monitor and review the results.

Strategic Leadership of Administrator and Academic Affairs Administration in School Under Kanchanaburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 3

Piyawat Nakhonsuwan — 2026-04-30

The purposes of this research were to determine: 1) the strategic leadership of school administrators, 2) The academic affairs administration in schools, and 3) The relationship between strategic leadership of administrators and academic affairs administration. The sample consisted of 70 schools under the jurisdiction of the Kanchanaburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 3, with 2 respondents from each school. The research instrument was an opinionnaire concerning strategic leadership, and academic affairs administration. The statistics used for data analysis were frequency, percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient. The

research findings revealed that:

1) The strategic leadership of school administrators, collectively and individually, were at a high level, ranked in descending order of the arithmetic means as follows: Information orientation, Employee orientation, Long-term orientation, Digital orientation, and Involvement orientation.

2) The academic affairs administration in schools, collectively and individually, were at a high level, ranked in descending order of the arithmetic means as follows: educational quality assurance, teaching and learning management, learning resources, technology, and instructional media, guidance, supervision, and research for learning development, curriculum management, and measurement, evaluation, and transfer of learning outcomes.

3) The strategic leadership of administrators was significantly correlated with academic affairs administration in schools at the .01 level of statistical significance.

Participatory School Management According to the Principles Sangahavatthu of Educational Institution Administrators Under the Secondary Education Service Area Office, Roi Et

Phra palat phommin chandrasaro Thongduang — 2026-04-30

This research aims to examine the current state, investigate the methods, and propose guidelines for participatory school administration based on the Four Principles of Sangahavatthu (Principles of Social Welfare) among school administrators under the Roi Et Secondary Educational Service Area Office. Employing a mixed-methods research design, the study utilized a quantitative sample of 345 teachers during the 2025 academic year, with data collected via questionnaires and analyzed using percentages, means, and standard deviations. The qualitative phase involved in-depth interviews with 9 experts in school administration and religion, using descriptive content analysis.

The research findings revealed that:

1) The current state of participatory school management based on the Sangahavatthu IV principles was overall at a high level ( = 4.11, S.D. = 1.00). All individual aspects were also rated at a high level. The aspect with the highest mean was participation in problem-solving ( = 4.12, S.D. = 1.02), followed by participation in decision-making ( = 4.11, S.D. = 0.99), participation in organizational change ( = 4.10, S.D. = 0.99), and participation in goal setting ( = 4.09, S.D. = 0.99), respectively. 2) The methods for participatory school management based on the Sangahavatthu IV consist of four aspects: 1) Goal Setting through Dana (Giving), by sharing information and resources to foster collective ownership; 2) Decision-making through Piyavaca (Kindly Speech), using respectful communication to build trust; 3) Problem-solving through Atthacariya (Useful Conduct), by providing active support and guidance; and 4) Organizational Change through Samanattata (Equanimity), by treating staff with equality and respecting diverse opinions to ensure harmony. 3) The guidelines for participatory school management based on the Sangahavatthu IV were found to be overall at the highest level of appropriateness, feasibility, and usefulness ( = 4.55, S.D. = 0.73). Specifically, appropriateness had the highest mean ( = 4.60, S.D. = 0.73), followed by usefulness ( = 4.57, S.D. = 0.81), and feasibility ( = 4.52, S.D. = 0.72). These findings were synthesized into the "PROMMIN MODEL," an integrated body of knowledge emphasizing shared engagement in goal setting, decision-making, problem-solving, and change management, rooted in ethical principles to ensure sustainable organizational development.

Strategic Leadership of Educational Institution Administrators under the Office of Vocational EducationSongkhla Province

Chalong Kaewchumphon — 2026-04-30

This research aimed to: 1) study the level of strategic leadership among school administrators under the Songkhla Provincial Office of Vocational Education; 2) compare the level of strategic leadership among school administrators categorized by academic standing, educational background, and work experience; and 3) explore guidelines and suggestions regarding strategic leadership of school administrators under the Songkhla Provincial Office of Vocational Education. The sample group consisted of 45 school administrators working in institutions under the Songkhla Provincial Office of Vocational Education. The informant group included 269 vocational teachers working under the Office of the Vocational Education Commission, Ministry of Education. The research instrument was a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire. Content validity was assessed with an Index of Item-Objective Congruence (IOC) ranging from 0.80 to 1.00, and the overall reliability of the questionnaire was .930. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, and F-test.

The research findings were as follows :

1) The overall level of strategic leadership among school administrators under the Songkhla Provincial Office of Vocational Education was high. 2) The comparison of strategic leadership levels categorized by academic standing revealed no significant differences between administrators with Professional and Senior Professional levels. Similarly, there were no significant differences based on educational qualifications or work experience, both overall and by individual components. And 3) Educational administrators should develop strategic leadership in all dimensions, from setting organizational goals and direction, managing resources, creating a development-oriented organizational culture.

Growth Mindset Model of Educational Administrator Under The Local Administrative Organizations Sadao, Songkhla Province

Manatsanan Mardnui — 2026-04-30

This qualitative research aims to: 1) study the components and indicators of a growth mindset model of educational administrators under the Local Administrative Organization, Sadao District, Songkhla Province, and 2) develop a growth mindset model of educational administrators under the Local Administrative Organization, Sadao District, Songkhla Province. The research was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 involved examining the components and indicators of a growth mindset model of educational administrators under the Local Administrative Organization, Sadao District, Songkhla Province. This was carried out by synthesizing concepts and theories related to school administration and growth mindset. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed using content analysis to summarize the key points from five key informants. Phase 2 focused on developing a growth mindset model of educational administrators under the Local Administrative Organization, Sadao District, Songkhla Province. This was conducted through focus group discussions. Key informants included the Mayor, Deputy Mayor, Director of the Education Division, school administrators, and deputy school administrators — a total of ten participants.

The research findings revealed that: 1) The components and indicators of a growth mindset model of educational administrators under the Local Administrative Organization, Sadao District, Songkhla Province consisted of seven components and twenty-two indicators. These components are: 1. embracing challenges at work, with four indicators; 2. learning from failure or obstacles, with three indicators; 3. perseverance, with three indicators; 4. learning from criticism and negative feedback, with three indicators; 5. seeking role models and sources of inspiration, with three indicators; 6. maintaining a positive mindset, with three indicators; and 7. leadership, with three indicators. 2) The growth mindset model of educational administrators under the Local Administrative Organization, Sadao District, Songkhla Province, was defined as the “7-Step Leadership Growth Model”.

Needs of Parents in Deciding to Enroll their Children to Study A Case Study Darul Mujahideen Wittaya Foundation School

Harit Laetee — 2026-04-30

This research used quantitative and qualitative research methods. The objectives of this research were 1) to study the needs of parents in deciding to send their children to study: a case study of Darul Mujahideen Witthaya Foundation School, 2) to study the parents’ decision-making guidelines in sending their children to study: a case study of Darul Mujahideen Witthaya Foundation School. Quantitative research The sample was 248 parents of students in Darul Mujahideen Witthaya Foundation School in the 2024 academic year. The instrument used was a questionnaire. The statistics used were frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and analysis of the needs index. Qualitative research There were 5 key informants. Data was collected by group discussions and analyzed by content analysis.

The findings revealed that:

1) In terms of essential needs influencing parental decision-making, the physical characteristics dimension ranked highest (PNI Modified = 0.53), followed by personnel and price (PNI Modified = 0.38), location (PNI Modified = 0.35), process (PNI Modified = 0.34), promotion (PNI Modified = 0.49), and product (PNI Modified = 0.31), respectively. 2) Guidelines for developing parents' decision-making factors in sending their children to study according to the first three essential needs found that (1) Physical characteristics should give importance to a physical environment that is safe and conducive to true learning. (2) Price aspect; give importance to clarity of expense list. Schools should therefore focus on building understanding and trust through communication and systematic management. (3) Personnel aspect, focusing on enhancing teachers' skills in specific areas, such as caring for students with special needs and responding to the modern educational context.

Technology Leadership of School Administrator and Digital Competence of TeacherUnder Ratchaburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 2

ศุภิสรา กาทอง — 2026-04-30

This research article aimed to: 1) examine the technology leadership of school administrator under Ratchaburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 2 2) investigate the digital competence of teacher under Ratchaburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 2 and 3) explore the relationship between technology leadership of school administrator and digital competence of teacher under Ratchaburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 2. The sample group in this study consisted of 108 schools under Ratchaburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 2. The respondents included one school administrator or acting administrator and one teacher from each school, totaling 216 respondents. Of these, 202 questionnaires were returned, representing a response rate of 93.52 percent. The research instruments were opinionnaires measuring (1) technological leadership based on the National Educational Technology Standards for Administrators, and (2) teachers’ digital competence based on the European Framework for the Digital Competence of Educators. The statistical methods used for data analysis included frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and Pearson’s product–moment correlation coefficient.

The results of the study revealed that:

1) The technology leadership of school administrator under Ratchaburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 2, the findings revealed that, overall, it was at a high level.

2) The digital competence of teacher under Ratchaburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 2, the findings revealed that, overall, it was at a high level.

3) The technology leadership of school administrator had a statistically significant positive relationship with the digital competence of teachers under Ratchaburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 2 at the .01 level.

The Budget Management Based on the Good Governance of Administrators in Opportunity Expansion School Under the Roi – Et Primary Educational Service Area Office 2

Arada Artdech — 2026-04-30

This study aimed to: 1) examine the current conditions of budget administration, 2) investigate methods of budget administration based on good governance principles, and 3) propose guidelines for budget administration based on good governance principles of administrators in opportunity expansion schools under the Roi Et Primary Educational Service Area Office 2. The research was conducted in three phases. Phase I employed a quantitative approach with a population of 98 school administrators. Data were collected using a questionnaire. Phase II involved qualitative research through in-depth interviews with 10 experts in budget administration based on good governance principles. Phase III focused on confirming the proposed guidelines, in which 9 experts evaluated their appropriateness, feasibility, and usefulness. The results revealed that: 1) the overall condition of budget administration based on good governance principles was at a high level. ( = 4.21, = 0.77). The aspects, ranked from highest to lowest, were monitoring, supervision, and evaluation; budget allocation; resource mobilization and educational investment; financial management; accounting management; budget preparation and proposal; and asset and inventory management. 2) The methods of budget administration covered all operational processes, emphasizing transparency, participation, value for money, accountability, and adherence to the rule of law. 3) The proposed guidelines were systematic and comprehensive across all aspects and were confirmed to be highly appropriate, feasible, and beneficial. ( = 4.79, = 0.53).