Journal for Developing the Social and Community

Content

Editorial RDI-RMU — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Content

Appendix

Editorial RDI-RMU — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Appendix

Development of collaborative learning activities using CIRC techniques with exercises to promote the ability to pronounce diphthongs for grade 3 students

Oradee Donphanmuang, Wanida Pharanat, Prayong Hatthaprom — Fri, 12 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background and Aims: This research aimed to 1) develop cooperative learning activities using the CIRC technique together with exercises that promote the ability of pronouncing diphthongs efficiently according to the 80/80 criterion, 2) compare the ability
of pronouncing diphthongs with the 80 percent criterion, and 3) study students’ satisfaction with the development of cooperative learning activities using the CIRC technique together with exercises.

Methodology: The sample consisted of 17 third-grade students of Ban Don Santi School, second semester of the 2024 academic year, selected by cluster random sampling.
The research instruments were 1) six learning activity plans, 2) six sets of diphthong reading skill exercises, 3) a 30-item diphthong reading ability test, and 4) a 10-item,
5-level scale student satisfaction questionnaire. The statistical methods employed for data analysis were percentage, mean, standard deviation, and One Sample t-test.

Results: The research findings indicated that 1) the effectiveness of the collaborative learning activities utilizing the CIRC technique, combined with exercises designed
to enhance the diphthong pronunciation skills of Grade 3 students, was measured
at 85.98/85.09, surpassing the established criteria. 2) Grade 3 students who engaged
in the collaborative learning activities employing the CIRC technique demonstrated
a diphthong pronunciation proficiency exceeding the 80 percent benchmark, with statistical significance at .05. and 3) Overall, student satisfaction regarding the collaborative learning activities utilizing the CIRC technique, which aimed to improve diphthong reading skills for Grade 3 students, was rated at the highest level.

Conclusion: The CIRC cooperative learning activities combined with exercises resulted in students clearly developing their pronunciation of diphthongs. The activities that emphasized participation and group work helped learners better understand the content and practice their skills. They also built students’ interest, confidence, and overall satisfaction in learning.

STEM Lesson Supplementary Activities for Primary School Students: Corn Pudding for Health and Second Career Promotion

Wanna Suttiwan, Sutthida Kaewmoongkun, Yupaporn Nokmueang, Witsanu Suttiwan — Thu, 25 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background and Aims: Education in the 21st century must cultivate students’ holistic competencies in alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and following the principles of STEM education. This study aimed to design and assess the appropriateness of a STEM supplementary learning activity titled “Corn Pudding for Health and Second Career Promotion” for primary school students.

Methodology: A mixed methods research design was employed, including document analysis, expert panel consultations, and activity evaluation. The research participants consisted of seven individual university lecturers and experts in primary education. A six-domain activity evaluation form was used as the research instrument, and data were analyzed using mean and standard deviation.

Results: The designed STEM activity followed the seven-step contextual STEM framework and focused on integrating interdisciplinary knowledge to create a health-oriented corn pudding product. Students engaged in scientific inquiry, applied technological skills, and participated in collaborative classroom activities that reflected real-life situations. The activity also promoted health awareness through appropriate and sufficient dietary practices. The overall appropriateness of the activity was rated at a very high level (M=4.60, SD=0.06).

Conclusion: The activity was found to be effective in enhancing students’ nutritional knowledge, scientific skills, design thinking, and awareness of potential second careers. It demonstrated the value of a structured interdisciplinary approach to primary education.

The development of inquiry-learning activities with multimedia for enhancing learning achievement on foreign languahes in thai languge for matthayomsuksa 4 students

Jirapinya Khunkaew, Tipaporn Sujaree, Wanida Pharanat — Fri, 10 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background and Aims: The Thai language, as the national language, embodies the identity, culture, and accumulated wisdom of the Thai people. It serves as a crucial medium for communication, enabling the expression of thoughts, emotions, and diverse bodies of knowledge, while fostering mutual understanding and harmonious relationships within society. Furthermore, it provides a foundational basis for the learning of other disciplines and constitutes a significant factor in improving the quality of life and professional advancement of the populace.

Methodology: This research aimed to study the effectiveness of inquiry-based learning activities integrated with multimedia in enhancing the learning achievement of Grade 10 students. The sample consisted of Grade 10 students from Sarakhampittayakhom School, Mueang District, Maha Sarakham Province, under the Office of Secondary Educational Service Area, Maha Sarakham, in the academic year 2024, selected through the cluster random sampling technique. The research instruments comprised: (1) inquiry-based learning activities integrated with multimedia, (2) a learning achievement test on “Loanwords in the Thai Language,” and (3) a student satisfaction questionnaire.The results revealed that: (1) the inquiry-based learning activities integrated with multimedia had an efficiency of 90.92 / 83.33, which exceeded the specified criterion; (2) the students’ post-learning achievement scores were significantly higher than their pre-learning scores at the .05 level of statistical significance; and (3) the students’ overall satisfaction with the activities was at the highest level (X̅ = 4.64, S.D. = 0.29).

Results: The findings suggest that inquiry-based learning integrated with multimedia is effective in improving student learning achievement and can be appropriately applied to learners at higher educational levels.

Conclusion: The implementation of inquiry-based learning activities in conjunction with multimedia has been found to effectively enhance the academic achievement of Grade 10 students and can be suitably applied to the development of learners at higher educational levels.

Factors Affecting Learning Loss of Students in the Situation of Covid -19 of Schools under Phetchaburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 2

Pairin Thungthong, Kanchana Boonsong — Mon, 27 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background and Aims: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the education system, forcing a sudden shift in teaching and learning methods. Various factors have thus become key contributors to the learning loss experienced by students in educational institutions. The objective of this research was to study 1) the factors affecting the learning loss of students in schools under the Phetchaburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 2; 2) the level of students’ learning loss during the COVID-19 situation in schools under the Phetchaburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 2; and 3) the factors affecting students’ learning loss during the COVID-19 situation in schools under the Phetchaburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 2.

Methodology: This study is quantitative research. The sample consisted of 274 teachers under the Phetchaburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 2, selected through multistage sampling. The research instrument was a five-point Likert scale questionnaire, which had a reliability coefficient of 0.943. The statistics used for data analysis included percentage, mean, standard deviation, and stepwise multiple regression analysis.

Results: 1. The factors affecting students’ learning loss during the COVID-19 situation in schools under the Phetchaburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 2 were overall at a high level. When considering each aspect, the aspect with the highest mean score was teacher(X₂), followed by school administrator (X₅), technology (X₄), student (X₁), and family and environment (X₃). 2) The overall level of students’ learning loss during the COVID-19 situation in schools under the Phetchaburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 2 was also at a high level. When considering each aspect, the aspect with the highest mean score was attribute learning loss(Y₂), followed by academic learning loss (Y₁). And 3) The factors affecting students’ learning loss during the COVID-19 situation in schools under the Phetchaburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 2 included technology (X₄), student (X₁), school administrator (X₅), and teacher (X₂). These factors accounted for 66.00 percent of the predictive power, with a standard error of estimate of 0.382. The predictive equation in raw score form was as follows:

= 1.071 + 0.402 (X₄) + 0.344 (X₁) + 0.250 (X₅) + -0.279 (X₂)

Conclusion: The overall findings indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic clearly led to learning loss among students in the area, affecting both learning characteristics and academic performance. Key contributing factors included technology, learners, school administrators, and teachers, all of which played a role in the changes to student learning during this crisis.

The Development of a Training Curriculum on Teacher Competencies in Measurement and Evaluation of learning for Teachers Under Yasothon Primary Educational Service Area Office 2

Kittinunthanach Kummarasitthi, Nattachai Jantachum, Tipaporn Sujaree — Mon, 27 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background and Aims: This research aimed to: 1) study the current state and the desired state, and the needs with regard to teacher competencies in measurement and evaluation of learning, 2)develop a training curriculum for teachers' competencies in measurement and evaluation of learning,3)implement the training curriculum for teachers' competencies in measurement and evaluation of learning and 4) evaluate the training curriculum for teachers' competencies in measurement and evaluation of learning.

Methodology: The research was conducted in four phases: Phase 1: fundamental data study; Phase 2:training curriculum development; Phase 3:training curriculum implementation; and Phase 4:training curriculum evaluation. A target group was 30 voluntary teachers by the purposive sampling method from schools whose administrators cooperate in participating under the Yasothon Primary Educational Service Area Office 2. Research tools were training curriculum, tests, assessment forms, competency measurement tools, and training curriculum evaluation forms. Statistics used for data analysis include percentage, mean, standard deviation, and t-test (Dependent Samples).

Results: 1. Teacher competencies in student measurement and evaluation consisted of 3 domains, 12 competencies, and 38 indicators as follows: 1) Knowledge domain with 6 competencies and 22 indicators, 2) Skills domain with 5 competencies and 12 indicators, and 3) Attitude domain with 1 competency and 4 indicators. The study of the current state and the desired state, and needs regarding teacher competencies in student measurement and evaluation revealed that the current state of teacher competencies in measurement and evaluation. was overall at a low level. The desired state of teacher competencies in measurement and evaluation of learning was overall at a high level, and teachers demonstrated a need for development in all competencies with regard to measurement and evaluation. 2. The training curriculum for teacher competencies measurement and evaluation of learning consisted of 6 components: 1) Principles, 2) Objectives, 3) Content, 4) Learning activities, 5) Media, innovations, and learning resources and 6) Measurement and evaluation. The content consisted of 7 learning units totaling 36 hours: Unit 1 - Basic knowledge in measurement and evaluation (6 hours), Unit 2 - Determining educational objectives (3 hours), Unit 3 - Methods and instruments for measurement and evaluation (3hours),Unit 4 -Constructing instruments for measurement and evaluation (6 hours), Unit 5 - Determining the quality of instruments for measurement and evaluation (6 hours), Unit 6 - Grading learning outcomes and utilizing student measurement and evaluation results (6 hours), and Unit 7 - Application of educational technology in measurement and evaluation (6 hours). The curriculum emphasized collaborative learning processes, teamwork, and self-constructed knowledge through hands-on practice with application of various training activities, models, methods and techniques. 3. The results of implementing the training curriculum showed that knowledge competencies after training were significantly higher than before training at the statistically significant level of .01, with a Cohen’s d value of 2.35, indicating a very large effect size. Overall skills competencies were at a high level. Overall attitude competencies were at a very good level, with post-training attitudes higher than pre-training attitudes. Overall satisfaction with the training curriculum was at the highest level. 4. The evaluation results of the training curriculum showed that the overall was at the highest level.

Conclusion: The developed training curriculum is consistent with the identified needs and effectively enhances teachers' competence in student measurement and evaluation. It has the potential for further application and development.

From Border to Headline: Linguistic Patterns and Rhetorical Devices in English News Headlines of the Thailand–Cambodia Conflict

Mon, 03 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background and Aims: The English-language media in Thailand produces political and diplomatic news content to shape reader perceptions of events while forming their ideological beliefs. The headlines create emotional and cognitive engagement by using specific linguistic patterns and rhetorical devices. The research has two main objectives which aim (1) to identify the frequency of linguistic patterns and rhetorical devices employed in headlines across a sample of media outlets and (2) to analyze the ways in which these linguistic patterns and rhetorical devices contribute to making headlines attention-grabbing and persuasive.

Methodology: This study analyzed 120 political and diplomatic news headlines, purposively selected from four English-language Thai news sources (The Nation, Bangkok Post, Khaosod English, Thai Enquirer) published between June and August 2025. The research used Mixed-Methods methodology which combined quantitative pattern detection methods with qualitative evaluation techniques to study how language elements create attention-grabbing headlines that affect readers.

Results: The research findings reveal that Framing Effects were the most common linguistic pattern, appearing in 40.83% of instances, followed closely by Emotional Language. These strategies highlight how information was framed and evoked emotional responses to shape readers’ perceptions. Other persuasive elements such as social influence, attention-grabbing devices, and stereotypes or biases appeared less frequently but still contributed to the overall impact. Regarding rhetorical devices, Pathos was the most dominant, occurring in 19.17% of cases, supported by Ethos and Logos.

Conclusion: The use of linguistic patterns and rhetorical devices in conflict-related headlines significantly influences readers’ interpretations, shapes meaning, and reinforces ideological polarization within media discourse.

Guidelines for Super Leadership Development of School Administrators under Roi-Et Secondary Educational Service Area Office, Thailand

Jirattikorn Srichuen , Chayakan Ruangsuwan, Pongphop Phujomjit — Mon, 03 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background and Aims: In the 21st century, developing school administrators with Super Leadership is essential to enhancing the quality of education. This leadership style focuses on empowering followers to become effective self-leaders. The objectives
of this study were (1) to investigate the current and desired states as well as the priority needs of super leadership among school administrators under the Secondary Educational Service Area Office Roi Et, and (2) to develop practical guidelines for strengthening super leadership appropriate to the school context.

Methodology: This research employed a Research and Development (R&D) design consisting of two phases. Phase 1 (quantitative) used a questionnaire administered
to 345 participants selected through stratified random sampling by school size. Phase 2 (qualitative) employed semi-structured interviews with six outstanding school administrators and evaluations from nine experts. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics (Mean, Standard Deviation and PNI_Modified index) and content analysis.

Results: (1) The current state of super leadership was rated at a high level, while the desired state was at the highest level. The most critical need was promoting staff self-leadership. (2) The developed guideline consisted of seven components: promoting self-leadership, role modeling, self-goal setting, positive thinking, constructive feedback and rewards, teamwork, and fostering a self-leadership culture. Expert evaluations indicated that the guidelines were highly appropriate and feasible.

Conclusion: The proposed super leadership development guideline is practical and contextually applicable for Thai schools. It enables educational administrators to act as change leaders who empower teachers to become self-directed, thereby fostering sustainable learning organizations.

E-Document Management in Public Administration: A Case Study of Songkhla Provincial Military Recruitment Office

Thanaporn Pimthong, Phra Maha Chayakorn Kongmuang — Mon, 03 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background and Aims: In the digital era, the Electronic Document Management System (EDMS) has become a crucial tool for enhancing efficiency, transparency, and timeliness in public administration. The Songkhla Provincial Military Recruitment Office, as a key agency responsible for manpower administration and conscription, requires such a system to support its missions and public services effectively. The objectives of this research were: (1) to study the management of the EDMS at the Songkhla Provincial Military Recruitment Office, (2) to examine its implementation in organizational operations, and (3) to propose guidelines for improving the system’s use in accordance with the organizational context.

Methodology: This study employed a qualitative research design, focusing on the Songkhla Provincial Military Recruitment Office. The key informants consisted of 13 participants, including the provincial military registrar, district registrars, assistant registrars, and clerks. Purposive sampling was applied. The research instrument was a semi-structured interview, which was validated for content accuracy (IOC = 1.00 for all items). Data were analyzed using content analysis.

Results and Conclusion: The findings revealed that: (1) the EDMS management structure was hierarchical, with the provincial registrar playing a supervisory and approval role, while district registrars, assistants, and clerks performed operational tasks, ensuring accuracy and accountability; (2) the use of EDMS increased efficiency, transparency, and reduced paperwork burdens, but challenges remained, such as system instability, limited resources, and inadequate digital literacy among staff; and (3) improvement strategies included enhancing system stability and functionalities, providing continuous training and practical manuals, allocating sufficient technological resources, and implementing regular monitoring and evaluation.

The Happiness at Work Affecting to Loyalty to Food and Beverage Manufacturing Organization

Suphadanai Klinmahom, Orathai Chuacharoen — Tue, 04 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background and Aims: In the food and beverage manufacturing industry, employees’ happiness at work often stems from a safe environment, fair management, and recognition of their contributions. This sense of happiness is directly linked to positive employee attitudes, which in turn fosters organizational loyalty. This study aims to: 1) Examine the personal factors, work happiness, and organizational loyalty of employees in food and beverage manufacturing organizations; 2) Investigate the personal factors that affect organizational loyalty in food and beverage manufacturing organizations; and 3) Explore how work happiness influences organizational loyalty in food and beverage manufacturing organizations.

Methodology: This study employed a quantitative research approach. The sample consisted of 400 employees working in food and beverage manufacturing organizations. The statistical methods used for data analysis included descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, as well as inferential statistics including t-test, F-test, and multiple regression analysis.

Results: 1) The majority of the respondents were female, with most falling within the age range of 26–35 years. Their average monthly income ranged between 20,001 and 30,000 baht, and most had been working for a period of 1 to 4 years. 2) Personal factors such as gender, age, and length of service did not significantly affect their happiness in life. However, differences in monthly income had a statistically significant effect on organizational loyalty in food and beverage manufacturing organizations at the 0.05 level. 3) Work happiness, particularly in five out of eight aspects, significantly influenced employee loyalty. The aspect of “Inner Peace” had the greatest overall impact on loyalty to food and beverage manufacturing organizations, while the aspect of “social well-being” had the least impact, with statistical significance at the 0.05 level.

Conclusion: Most employees in the food and beverage manufacturing organization report a high level of job satisfaction, particularly in terms of inner peace, which greatly influences their loyalty to the organization. Meanwhile, variations in monthly income have a noticeable effect on the degree of loyalty. Therefore, the organization should promote both mental well-being and a positive work environment to cultivate sustainable commitment to cultivate sustainable commitment, thereby reducing employee turnover and enhancing competitive advantage in the industry.

THE CORPORATE IMAGE THAT AFFECTS TRUST OF RELATIVES OF PRISONERS PRISONS IN THAILAND

Anyamanee Wattananusit, Yupaporn Chaisena — Sun, 23 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background and Aims: Studying the corporate image of Thailand's prisons is crucial for representing the viewpoints of convicts' families, who expect transparent services, high standards of practice, and organizational justice. This paper intends to 1) investigate
the level of perception regarding the corporate image of Thai prisons, and 2) test the impact of corporate image on the trust of families of Thai prisoners .

Methodology: This is a quantitative study that uses Leblanc and Nguyen (1996) theoretical framework as a research framework. Data were collected from convicts' relatives in 143 Thai jails. The population's actual size was unknown. Taro Yamane (1976) table was used to determine the sample with a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error. An online questionnaire was used to gather data from 251 respondents, with a response rate of 62.75%. Data were evaluated using descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and multiple regression analysis.

Results: Relatives of Thai prison inmates rated the corporate image of the corporate image of Thai prisons ( = 4.29). All aspects were found to be rated at a high level. In order of average value from highest to lowest, the top three aspects were corporative identity ( = 4.34), followed by service offering ( = 4.32) and Contact Personnel ( = 4.28). 2) Corporate image, corporative identity, contact personnel, reputation (p < 0.01), and physical environment (p < 0.05) all strongly predicted the trust of families of Thai detainees by 66.6 percent (R² = 0.666).

Conclusion: Relatives of convicts expressed positive thoughts about the image of Thai prisons in terms of corporate identity, service offerings, and contact personnel. Corporate image, which includes corporative identity, contact personnel, reputation, and physical environment, predicted 66.6 percent of the trust of convicts' family. Although the service aspect did not have a statistically significant effect, while having a high average value, this finding suggests that in the prison context, service is viewed as a basic organizational responsibility rather than a factor that fosters trust among inmates' families. This suggests that the moral image, transparency, and fairness of government entities are more essential factors influencing stakeholder trust than the overall quality of service.

The development of livelihoods and career promotion for the quality of life of the elderly in new normal era in Roi Et, Khon Kaen, Maha Sarakham, and Kalasin provinces

Natapasa Dechanubeksa, Kunteera Arsasri, Papapit Srisawangwong, Parinya Thongkam — Wed, 03 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background and Aims: Given Thailand's inevitable transition into a fully aged society, it is crucial to holistically enhance quality of life among older adults to support sustainable national development. This study aims to: (1) examine the factors related to the development of livelihoods, career promotion, and the quality of life in the new normal era among older adults in Roi Et, Khon Kaen, Maha Sarakham, and Kalasin provinces;
(2) investigate the relationships between the factors of livelihoods development, career promotion, and the quality of life in the new normal era among older adults in the four provinces; (3) analyze the influence of livelihoods development and career promotion on quality of life in the new normal era among older adults in the four provinces; and (4) develop guidelines for improving quality of life in the new normal era.

Methodology: This research was conducted using a mixed method. The quantitative approach was collected through questionnaires from 200 elderly participants (50 per province), selected through convenience sampling. Analysis included descriptive statistics, multiple correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. Subsequently,
a life quality development activity was implemented, and additional data were collected both quantitatively by questionnaires and qualitatively by in-depth interviews on the satisfaction of activities from elderly participants, with five participants per province selected by purposive sampling.

Results: Older adults in the four provinces perceived high levels of support in livelihoods development, career promotion, and quality of life. All studied factors were positively and significantly correlated with quality of life. The analysis of Living livelihoods development and career promotion found that living conditions, occupational knowledge, financial status, welfare, and digital media literacy significantly influenced the quality of life of the elderly at the 0.05 level. Based on these findings, two main development activities were designed: (1) the livelihoods development activity, focusing on living condition, financial literacy, welfare access, and media and technology awareness; and (2) the career promotion activity, focusing on enhancing occupational knowledge. Participant satisfaction with the quality-of-life development activities was rated very high, aligning with qualitative findings that highlighted the importance of all factors in enhancing quality of life in the new normal era.

Conclusion: Guidelines for improving elderly quality of life in the new normal era include: (1) promoting knowledge and understanding of living condition development, covering safe and comfortable home and surrounding environment management; financial literacy in daily spending, lifelong financial planning, and income generation; basic awareness of welfare rights and related agencies; and digital literacy, including the use of basic technology and awareness of its benefits and risks; and (2) support career development by enhancing appropriate job-related knowledge. Additionally, support should be provided for fundamental aspects essential to elderly well-being, such as nutrition, healthcare, and physical exercise.

The Impact of Digital Accounting Professional Intelligence on the Performance Efficiency and Successful in Performing Work of Accountants in Thailand

Mon, 08 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background and Aims: Digital technology plays a significant role in the work of accountants today. Therefore, accountants in the digital age must adapt to changes in technology. At the same time, they must develop their skills, knowledge, and abilities, as well as apply new information technology and innovations to accounting work efficiently and lead to success. This research aims to 1) study the impact of digital accounting professional intelligence on the work performance efficiency of accountants in Thailand, and 2) study the impact of work performance efficiency on the work Successful In Performing Work of accountants in Thailand.

Methodology: This research is a quantitative research. The tool used is a questionnaire. Data were collected from accountants in Thailand by selecting a convenience sampling group of 297 people. Data were analyzed using percentages, means, standard deviations, multiple correlation, multiple regression, and simple regression analysis.

Results: Digital Accounting Professional Intelligence, digital literacy (TDL), has a positive impact on the performance efficiency of accounting (TPA) (H2; β2 = 0.220, p < 0.05). Digital Accounting Professional Intelligence, information literacy (TIL), has a negative impact on the performance efficiency of accounting (TPA) (H3 ; β3 = -0.170, p < 0.05). Digital Accounting Professional Intelligence, interpersonal Skills (TIS), has a positive impact on the performance efficiency of accounting (TPA) (H4 ; β4 = 0.158, p < 0.05). Digital Accounting Professional Intelligence, analytical thinking and creative problem solving (TAS), has a positive impact on the performance efficiency of accounting (TPA) (H5 ; β5= 0.423, p < 0.05). And Digital Accounting Professional Intelligence Critical thinking (TCT) did not affect performance efficiency (TPA) (H1; β1 = 0.015, p >0.05), jointly predicting performance efficiency of accountants in Thailand by 34.3 percent (R² = 0.343) with statistical significance. Accounting performance efficiency (TPA) had a positive impact on successful in performing work (TSP) (H6; β6 = 0.603, p < 0.05) with statistical significance at the 0.05 level.

Conclusion: Accountants in the digital age need to continuously develop themselves and their professional skills to keep pace with changes, as well as be able to appropriately apply technology in their work to increase efficiency and lead to sustainable operational success.

The Cultural Tourism Management of Pilot Villages in Maha Sarakham Province

Duangkamon Damrongwongcharoen, Sitthiporn Soonthorn, Somkiat Kiatcharoen — Tue, 16 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background and Aims: Cultural tourism is a form of leisure-oriented tourism that emphasizes learning and experiencing local culture. This is driven by the growth of the tourism industry, which recognizes economic, social, and cultural benefits. This has led to the creation and promotion of tourism that utilizes cultural elements as a primary resource to attract both Thai and foreign tourists. The objectives of this research are:
1) to study the general conditions of cultural tourism; 2) to study the potential of cultural tourism management in pilot villages in Maha Sarakham Province; and 3) to study recommendations for the development of cultural tourism in pilot villages in Maha Sarakham Province.

Methodology: This is a qualitative research using 6 groups of key informants, 2 people each, totaling 12 people. In-depth interviews were used to collect data. Data analysis was done using descriptive analysis (Descriptive Analysis) by content analysis (Content Analysis).

Methodology: This is a qualitative research. Six groups of 12 key informants, each with two participants, were used. In-depth interviews were used for data collection. Data analysis was done by identifying keywords to create groups and categories, categorizing patterns or connections of data within each group or between groups, and creating descriptions for each category and describing the meaning.

Results: 1) General conditions: The village boasts tourist attractions such as the Kae Dam wooden bridge, Nong Kae Dam reservoir, and Wat Nong Hu Ling. A diverse range
of products and services are also provided to tourists and visitors. 2) Cultural tourism potential in the pilot villages in Maha Sarakham Province reveals an ancient wooden bridge, the Nong Kae Dam reservoir, a beautiful community candle procession,
a traditional mahori ensemble, various handicrafts, and a diverse culture for tourists
to observe. Tourists and the community participate in community activities to add value to the products. 3) Recommendations for cultural tourism development include media publicity, the creation of a community page, monthly activities, and the development of tourist attractions and the addition of interesting features. A budget is provided
to support and promote environmentally friendly tourism. Participation in all stages
of development, such as activity design or cultural conservation, should be promoted. Facilities, such as accommodations, restaurants, and transportation should be developed to align with the culture. Instill conservation and development in children and young people, and teach them to continue the tradition.

Conclusion: Cultural tourism in pilot villages in Maha Sarakham Province found that the villages generally possess natural resources and culture, community organizations, management, and learning, enabling them to preserve local cultural identity and the local ecosystem. This contributes to the conservation of natural resources. Community participation and continued support should also be promoted and encouraged in natural and cultural conservation efforts.

Factors Influencing the Success of E-learning for Department of Corrections Officers

Prommarin Poolputta, Yupaporn Chaisena — Tue, 16 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background and Aims: E-learning is an essential approach for enhancing the capabilities of government personnel, equipping them with up-to-date knowledge and skills
in response to rapid technological changes. The Department of Corrections has encouraged correctional officers to participate in training through this system to improve their work performance. However, individual learning success may vary depending on trainee characteristics and the working environment. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: (1) to examine the relationship between trainee characteristics and
the working environment and the learning success of correctional officers through
the e-learning system of the Department of Corrections, and (2) to investigate the effects of trainee characteristics and the working environment on their learning success via
the e-learning system.

Methodology: This study employed a quantitative research approach. The population consisted of 10,591 correctional officers who had completed training through the
e-learning system. The sample size of 386 participants was determined using Taro Yamane’s (1973) formula with a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error. Data were collected using an online questionnaire, yielding 294 responses, representing
a response rate of 76.17%. The statistical methods used for data analysis included multiple correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis.

Results: 1) Trainee characteristics and the working environment demonstrated a positive relationship with e-learning success at the 0.01 level of statistical significance.
This indicates that when trainees possess appropriate personal attributes—such as learning motivation, responsibility, and relevant skills—and when the organization provides a supportive work environment, including adequate technological resources and supervisor support, these factors collectively enhance the e-learning success

of correctional officers. 2) Motivation to Learn (p < 0.01), Ability to Learn (p < 0.01), Basic Knowledge (p < 0.01), Opportunity to Use (p < 0.01), Manager and Peer Support
(p < 0.10), and Technological Support (p < 0.10) were found to significantly predict
e-learning success. Together, these independent variables explained 54.60% of the variance in the e-learning success of correctional officers under the Department of Corrections
(R² = 0.546), at a statistically significant level.

Conclusion: The findings indicate that trainee characteristics and the working environment have a statistically significant relationship and impact on the e-learning success of correctional officers. Factors such as learning motivation, learning ability, prior knowledge, opportunities to apply knowledge, and support from supervisors and colleagues collectively predicted 54.60% of the variance in e-learning success.
In contrast, workplace atmosphere and organizational support did not yield statistically significant effects. This suggests that e-learning success primarily stems from learners’ internal attributes and personal effort rather than organizational support, as learners with sufficient motivation are capable of seeking additional knowledge from other sources. Consequently, workplace atmosphere and organizational support do not exert
a meaningful influence on e-learning success in this context.

Developing Academic achievement using Blended Learning Activities in Technology Subject (Computer Science) of Grade 8 students

Kumpanart Nibunpot; Thanadol Phuseerit — Thu, 18 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background and Aims: In the 21st-century digital era, Computational Thinking (CT) has become a fundamental competency. However, traditional teacher-centered instruction often fails to accommodate learner diversity, resulting in low academic achievement in Computer Science subjects. Blended Learning (BL) offers a pedagogical solution by integrating the flexibility of self-paced online learning with the collaborative benefits of face-to-face interaction. This study, therefore, aimed to: (1) develop blended learning activities for the Grade 8 Technology (Computer Science) subject concerning Computational Thinking, meeting the efficiency criterion of 80/80 (E1/E2) (2) compare students' learning achievement before and after the implementation of the developed activities; and (3) investigate student satisfaction toward the blended learning management.

Methodology: This study employed a one-group pretest-posttest design. The sample consisted of 36 Grade 8 students at Chaturapakphiman Ratchadapisek School enrolled in the second semester of the 2023 academic year, selected through cluster random sampling. The research instruments included blended learning lesson plans, a learning achievement test, and a student satisfaction questionnaire. Data were analyzed using percentage, mean, standard deviation, and a dependent samples t-test.

Results: The findings revealed that 1) the efficiency of the developed blended learning activities (E1/E2) was 83.80/85.80, which exceeded the established 80/80 criterion. (2) the students' post-test learning achievement was significantly higher than their pre-test scores at the .05 level of significance (p < .001) ; and (3) student satisfaction toward the blended learning activities was at the highest level ( x̅ = 4.78, S.D. = 0.09).

Conclusion: The study concludes that the developed Blended Learning model is an effective instructional innovation for Computer Science education. By strategically integrating the flexibility of online self-paced learning to address individual differences with in-class active scaffolding , the model successfully enhances both academic achievement in Computational Thinking and student satisfaction. These findings suggest that Blended Learning serves as a viable pedagogical approach for teachers to transform traditional classrooms into learner-centered environments.

The Implementation of Early Intervention Services of Southern Special Education Center under Special Education Bureau

Amira Jindewha, Suntaree Wannapairo — Thu, 18 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background and Aims: The purpose of this study was to examine the implementation of student support services at the Southern Special Education Centers under the Office of the Special Education Administration, comparing the operations according to gender, age, educational qualification, and work experience, as well as to explore strategies for development.

Methodology: The study employed a mixed-methods approach. The sample consisted of 254 teachers from the Southern Special Education Centers, selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected using a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire and interviews. The data were analyzed using percentages, means, standard deviations, t-tests, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and pairwise comparisons using the LSD method.

Results: Overall, the implementation of student support services was rated at the highest level () = 4.5262, S.D. = 0.4655). The area with the highest mean score was the development of family-specific support plans and individualized education plans, followed by the organization of appropriate activities. The area with the lowest mean score was student progress assessment. Comparisons of the implementation results by gender, age, and educational qualification revealed no statistically significant differences; however, some differences were observed when grouped by work experience, specifically in screening and referral, basic skills assessment, and supervision, monitoring, and evaluation significantly different at the .05 level. Development strategies identified from interviews with administrators included fostering collaboration among teachers, parents, and multidisciplinary professionals; systematic data collection; planning and developing individualized education plans; implementing appropriate activities; and continuous supervision, monitoring, and evaluation.

Conclusion: The findings indicate that the Southern Special Education Centers operate effectively; however, emphasis should be placed on improving the student progress assessment system and follow-up mechanisms in order to enhance service quality and adequately respond to the needs of students in a sustainable manner.

Factors Influencing Customer Satisfaction in Loan Services for Large-Scale Clients in the Western Region

Jeerawan Haranee , Jaratchwahn Jantarat — Thu, 18 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background and Aims: This independent study aims to examine the factors of perceived value and service quality that influence customer satisfaction in using loan services for large-scale clients of the Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives (BAAC) in the western region of Thailand, covering eight provinces. The research employed
a quantitative methodology using a sample of 400 respondents through an online questionnaire, which demonstrated reliability coefficients ranging from 0.895 to 0.985.

Methodology: Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. The majority of respondents were female customers residing in Kanchanaburi province, married, holding a bachelor's degree, working as farmers, and earning an average monthly income not exceeding 70,000 baht.

Results: Inferential statistical analysis revealed that perceived value factors including functional, social, emotional, and price dimensions as well as service quality factors namely reliability, assurance, empathy, and responsiveness significantly influenced customer satisfaction. However, the tangible aspect of service quality did not show
a statistically significant effect. Overall, customer satisfaction was rated at a high level (mean score of 4.45), and the model explained 64.2% of the variance in satisfaction
(R² = 0.642).

Conclusion: Variables influencing customer satisfaction with large-scale lending services in the Western region include perceived value in terms of functionality, social, emotional, price, and service quality in terms of reliability, confidence building, customer awareness, and customer response. This information can be used as a key guideline for planning, improving, and developing the bank's marketing strategies to effectively align with customer needs.

Development of Approaches for Promoting the Profession of Pesticide-Free Vegetable Farming: A Case Study of Ban Non Sawang, Kokkong Subdistrict, Samrong District, Ubon Ratchathani Province

Worachalerm Chalermsukh — Thu, 25 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background and Aims: This study aims to study the current situation and problems of vegetable cultivation by farmers and explore ways to promote safe vegetable cultivation free from pesticides in the area of Ban Non Sawang, Khok Kong Subdistrict, Samrong District, Ubon Ratchathani Province.

Methodology: The research employed documentary research and field research methods, with data collected through in-depth interviews conducted in October 2024. The key informants comprised four groups: government officials/agricultural experts, vegetable farmers, vegetable consumers, and community leaders, with a total of 15 participants. A structured interview questionnaire was used as the research tool. Data analysis was conducted using content analysis, while information obtained from participatory brainstorming sessions was further categorized through typological analysis. The data were classified according to their sources and thematic relationships within the analytical framework and subsequently synthesized in accordance with the objectives of the study.

Results: 1) The majority of the population in Ban Non Sawang is primarily engaged in agriculture, with rice serving as the principal economic crop. This is integrated with the cultivation of diverse vegetable varieties, such as rice paddy herb, Thai basil, culantro, holy basil, lemon basil, and Chinese morning glory, both for household consumption and as a source of supplementary income. Consequently, vegetable cultivation plays a vital role in sustaining local livelihoods and household earnings. However, these agricultural practices face challenges regarding the use of chemical pesticides, which adversely affect the health of both farmers and consumers, as well as the integrity of natural resources and the environment. Moreover, such practices are also inconsistent with government policies aimed at promoting safe and sustainable agriculture. 2) The problems related to the cultivation of pesticide-free vegetables in Ban Non Sawang, Khok Kong Subdistrict, Samrong District, Ubon Ratchathani Province, reveal three key issues: (1) The public lacks knowledge about pesticide-free vegetable cultivation, (2) The public lacks motivation to grow pesticide-free vegetables, and (3) The public is not involved with the government in the process of promoting pesticide-free vegetable cultivation as a livelihood.

Conclusion: The strategies for promoting pesticide-free vegetable cultivation as a livelihood in Ban Non Sawang, Khok Kong Subdistrict, Samrong District, Ubon Ratchathani Province can be outlined in four ways: (1) Training sessions to provide farmers with knowledge on general safety agriculture, pesticide-free vegetable cultivation, skills and processes for growing pesticide-free vegetables, management of pesticide-free vegetable cultivation, and the opportunities for a livelihood in pesticide-free vegetable farming. (2) Conducting workshops to develop plans and strategies to stimulate the dissemination of information regarding the market for pesticide-free vegetables, creating motivation for farmers to change their vegetable cultivation methods, and encouraging them to understand the value, benefits, and advantages of pesticide-free vegetable cultivation. This will help farmers develop attitudes, knowledge, awareness, and receive relevant information. (3) Coordinating with local communities to ensure their participation in the process of promoting pesticide-free vegetable cultivation, so that farmers are involved in decision-making, operations, benefits, and evaluation. And 4) Organizing study tours or activities to allow farmers to learn, gain new experiences, and also create motivation and enhance awareness about pesticide-free vegetable cultivation.

A Development of the Biological Literacy Test for Grade 10 Students

Chonnikan Timkaew, Taviga Tungprapa, Panida Sakuntanak — Thu, 25 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background and Aims: Biological literacy serves as a primary objective in biology education. Therefore, the development of standardized assessment tools is essential for generating data-driven insights to inform educational planning. Enhancing such literacy enables students to effectively bridge theoretical knowledge with practical applications in their daily lives. The purposes of this research were as follows: (1) to construct
a biological literacy test for Grade 10 students; (2) to examine the qualities of the constructed biological literacy test, and (3) to study the biological literacy of Grade 10 students

Methodology: The sample included 700 Grade 10 students in schools under the Secondary Educational Service Area Office Surin, selected by multi-stage random sampling. The instrument is a biological literacy test. The verification of the quality
of the biological literacy test by using the classical test theory and item response theory with the Generalized Partial Credit Model (G-PCM). Biological literacy was studied by frequency and percentage.

Results: The research findings revealed the following: (1) The biological literacy test is
a situational essay test based on the core concepts of biological literacy first constructed with 20 items; (2) The results of the content validity by IOC ranged from 0.60 to 1.00 and the quality by classical test theory, 10 items were selected for use showed that the difficulty was in the range of 0.41 to 0.58, the discriminant was in the range of 0.42 to 0.54 and the test's reliability coefficient was 0.85; the quality of biological literacy test by item response theory with G-PCM model showed that discriminant parameters (αi) ranged from 1.23 to 3.77. The difficulty parameter (δij) ranged from -1.69 to 2.11.
The item information had the highest ability level (θ) equal to 1.2; and the test information had the highest ability level (θ) equal to 1.2; and (3) the results of the study of biological literacy showed that most of the students were at the functional level of biological literacy.

Conclusion: The test demonstrated quality in terms of reliability, validity, and practical applicability. The findings showed that most of the students were at the functional level of biological literacy. This information can serve as a guideline for improving the effectiveness of biology teaching and learning.

Management of Small Size Schools in the Thai-Cambodian Border Area Surin Province

Fri, 26 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

ภูมิหลังและวัตถุประสงค์: โรงเรียนขนาดเล็กบริเวณพื้นที่ชายแดนไทย-กัมพูชา จังหวัดสุรินทร์ มีปัญหาในการจัดการเรียนการสอน ทำให้คุณภาพการศึกษาของนักเรียนตามแนวชายแดนไทย-กัมพูชา
มีคุณภาพต่ำ ดังนั้นการบริหารจัดการโรงเรียนขนาดเล็ก จึงมีความสำคัญต่อการพัฒนา ปรับปรุง การบริหารจัดการโรงเรียนขนาดเล็กให้มีประสิทธิภาพสูงขึ้นต่อไป การวิจัยครั้งนี้วัตถุประสงค์ 1) เพื่อศึกษาบริบท สภาพการณ์ปัจจุบันและปัจจัยในการบริหารจัดการ 2) เพื่อศึกษาการบริหารจัดการโรงเรียน
3) เพื่อศึกษาผลผลิตจากการบริหารจัดการโรงเรียน 4) เพื่อรวบรวมข้อเสนอแนะการบริหารจัดการโรงเรียนขนาดเล็กบริเวณพื้นที่ชายแดนไทย-กัมพูชา จังหวัดสุรินทร์

ระเบียบวิธีการวิจัย: เป็นการวิจัยแบบผสมผสาน กลุ่มตัวอย่าง ได้แก่ ผู้บริหารสถานศึกษา ครูผู้สอน คณะกรรมการสถานศึกษาขั้นพื้นฐาน และผู้ปกครองนักเรียน จำนวน 210 คน กำหนดกำหนดกลุ่มตัวอย่างโดยใช้ตารางเครจซี่และมอร์แกน ได้จำนวน 210 คน สุ่มตัวอย่างแบบแบ่งชั้น (Stratified Random Sampling) กลุ่มเป้าหมาย จำนวน 9 คน โดยวิธีเลือกแบบเจาะจง เครื่องมือที่ใช้เป็นแบบสอบถามแบบมาตรส่วนประมาณค่า 5 ระดับ มีค่าความเชื่อมั่น เท่ากับ .895 สถิติที่ใช้ในการวิเคราะห์ข้อมูล ได้แก่ ค่าเฉลี่ย ร้อยละ ส่วนเบี่ยงเบนมาตรฐาน

ผลการวิจัย: พบว่า 1) นักเรียนในโรงเรียนส่วนใหญ่เป็นนักเรียนสัญชาติไทย ใช้ภาษาไทยในการสื่อสาร จำนวนครูไม่เพียงพอ สภาพอาคารเรียนและสิ่งแวดล้อมต้องปรับปรุงบางส่วน สัญญาณอินเตอร์เน็ตไม่เสถียร ชุมชนให้ความร่วมมือและสนับสนุนโรงเรียนเป็นอย่างดี ปัญหาที่ส่งผลกระทบต่อนักเรียนคือปัญหาด้านความยากจนและปัญหาด้านความขัดแย้งในพื้นที่ การจัดการเรียนการสอนที่สอดคล้องกับบริบทพื้นที่ชายแดน มีการสอดแทรกเนื้อหาเกี่ยวกับวัฒนธรรมและภาษา ปัจจัยที่เกี่ยวข้อง โดยรวมอยู่ในระดับมาก 2) การบริหารจัดการโรงเรียน โดยรวมอยู่ในระดับมาก 3) ผลผลิตจากการบริหารจัดการโรงเรียน โดยรวมอยู่ในระดับมาก 4) ข้อเสนอแนะการบริหารจัดการโรงเรียนต้องให้ความสำคัญในการบริหารงานทั้ง 4 ด้าน ซึ่งเน้นให้ทุกฝ่ายต้องร่วมมือกันทั้งในด้านการวางแผน การตัดสินใจและการดำเนินการ

สรุปผล: การบริหารจัดการโรงเรียนขนาดเล็กในบริเวณพื้นที่ชายแดนไทย-กัมพูชา จังหวัดสุรินทร์
มีปัจจัยที่เกี่ยวข้อง โดยรวมอยู่ในระดับมาก มีการบริหารจัดการโรงเรียนโดยรวมอยู่ในระดับมาก ผลผลิตจากการบริหารจัดการโรงเรียน โดยรวมอยู่ในระดับมาก ข้อเสนอแนะในการบริหารจัดการโรงเรียนจะต้องให้ความสำคัญในการบริหารงานทั้ง 4 ด้าน ซึ่งเน้นให้ทุกฝ่ายต้องร่วมมือกันทั้งในด้านการวางแผน การตัดสินใจและการดำเนินการ

The study of job characteristics, organizational characteristics and motivational factors affecting organizational commitment of employees Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives, Western Region Branch

EKKachai Onsrithong, Arisara Seyanont — Sat, 27 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background and Aims: The objective of this study was to study job characteristics, organizational characteristics, and motivational factors affecting organizational commitment among employees of Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives, Western Region Branch.

Research Methodology: This research is a quantitative study using a sample size of 318 people. Data was collected through questionnaires and analyzed using percentages, means, standard deviations, and stepwise multiple regression analysis.

Results: The results revealed that the overall average score of employees on job characteristics, organizational characteristics, and motivational factors of Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives showed a strong agreement score.
A comparison of employee organizational commitment revealed that gender, age, status, and education levels didn’t significantly affect organizational commitment. Average monthly income and length of employment did not significantly affect organizational commitment, at 0.05 level. Job characteristics influencing employee commitment were job autonomy and career advancement, which had a statistically significant effect on employee commitment at 0.001 level.

Conclusion: Organizational characteristics influencing employee commitment were organizational image, executive leadership, policy and management, and quality of work life, which had a statistically significant effect on employee commitment at 0.001 level. This study identified job characteristics, organizational characteristics, and motivations affecting employee commitment at the Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives, Western Region Branch. The results of the study were used as guidelines for organizational development, policy formulation, and strategies for organizational development, personnel development plans, and promotion of organizational commitment.

The Foreigners’ Problems, Needs and Guidelines in Thai Language Communication for Developing Communicative Thai Language Teaching Applications for Foreigners

Khankaeo Maprom — Sat, 27 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background and Aims: This research aimed to investigate the current problems, needs, and development guidelines for a communication Thai language teaching application for foreigners.

Mothodology: This research was the Phase 1 of the Research and Development.
The target group consisted of 50 foreigners traveling and residing in Thailand, selected through purposive sampling. The research instruments included questionnaires and interview forms with validated content validity (IOC 0.50–1.00) and reliability (0.70–0.90). Data were analyzed using percentage, mean (), standard deviation (S.D.), and t-test.

Result: 1. Communication Problems: Overall communication problems were rated at a

high level (=4.34). The most significant issue was listening (=4.60), followed
by speaking (=4.49), primarily due to limitations in vocabulary and sentence construction. Reading, writing, and overall communication were also rated at high problem levels. These issues reflect the unique characteristics of the Thai language, which is globally recognized as difficult due to its complex tonal system and word structures. Comparative analysis revealed that foreign tourists experienced significantly higher overall communication problems than long-term residents. Specifically, residents living in Thailand for more than 6 years (12 participants, 16.00%) reported a moderate level of communication difficulty (=3.48). 2. Needs Assessment: The target group expressed the highest level of need for a skill development application (76%, =4.56, S.D. = 0.56). They preferred learning with bilingual Thai instructors (Thai-English) (xˉ=4.70, S.D. = 0.49). Desired content focused on 8 practical contexts: greetings, self-introductions, asking for help, public transportation, shopping, ordering food, making appointments, and communication in educational institutions., and 3. Development Guidelines: The application should be developed based on Mobile Learning (m-Learning) and Interaction Design (IxD) principles. It must support both iOS and Android to facilitate "Anywhere, anytime" learning, emphasizing accessibility and portability. Key features should include context-aware and micro-learning approaches, utilizing audio clips for ear training to overcome linguistic contrasts. Specialized features such as minimal pair distinctions, speed control, and visual waveforms are recommended to assist with consonant and cluster sound differentiation. Furthermore, the application should integrate visual-based learning and authentic learning by incorporating regional Thai dialects to align with the lifestyles of foreigners residing in various regions of Thailand.
Conclusion: Listening Difficulties and Interlanguage Challenges. The study reveals that international tourists and residents in Thailand face the highest level of difficulty in Thai language listening comprehension (=4.60). The primary obstacles are a lack of vocabulary knowledge and the inability to distinguish Thai tonal variations. These issues are not necessarily attributed to the learners' deficiencies but rather to the Interlanguage phenomenon, where learners are constrained by the phonological structures of their native language (L1). According to Contrastive Analysis Theory, the degree of linguistic distance between the L1 and the target language (L2) directly correlates with the severity of learning difficulties. Demand for Mobile Application Development: There is a critical demand for the development of a Thai language learning application, rated at the highest level. The findings indicate that: Content: Users prioritize Thai for communication across eight specific contexts. Instructional Style: Learners prefer bilingual instruction (Thai and English) delivered by native Thai instructors. Platform: A mobile-based application was the most preferred medium for learning. Design Principles and Recommendations: Participants suggested that the application should align with Mobile Learning (m-Learning) and Interaction Design (IxD) principles. Key recommendations include: Integration of contemporary vocabulary and authentic daily life expressions. Implementation of Authentic Learning by incorporating regional Thai dialects. Contextualizing content to match the actual lifestyles of expatriates living in diverse regions across Thailand.

Quality of work life, Leadership, and Organizational Commitment influence Job performance among employees of the Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives (BAAC) under the Western Region Branch Affairs Division.

Walaipon Sumlub, Chanatip Lekkakul — Sat, 27 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background and Aims: This research examines how quality of work life, leadership, and organizational commitment influence job performance among employees of the Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives (BAAC) under the Western Region Branch Affairs Division. The objectives were to (1) investigate aspects of quality of work life that affect employees’ job performance, (2) explore leadership characteristics that affect employees’ job performance and (3) assess organizational engagement that affects employees’ job performance within this context.

Methodology: Data was collected from a sample of 302 respondents using a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics percentage, mean, and standard deviation and inferential statistics through statistical hypothesis testing.

Results: The majority of respondents were female, aged 31–40 years, married, held a bachelor’s degree, had an average monthly income of 15,000–45,000 THB, and a tenure of 11–15 years. Overall, quality of work life was rated at a very high level, particularly with respect to the work environment and opportunities for development and career growth. Leadership was also rated at a very high level, especially regarding vision and flexibility. Organizational engagement was similar at a very high level, with the sense of belonging and dedication receiving the highest scores. Job performance was reported
at a very high level overall, notably in work quality and timeliness of task performance.

Conclusion: Hypothesis testing indicated that quality of work life, leadership, and organizational engagement were each positively associated with job performance at the 0.01 level of statistical significance. These findings provide actionable guidance for organizational policy and strategy to develop employees’ capabilities and strengthen organizational engagement, thereby enhancing overall job performance.

Gendered Voices and the Public Sphere: Epistolary Discourse in Eighteenth-Century British Literature

Chalermkwan Jogthong, Sunisa Intachai, Prapit Phuttichart — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background and Aims: This study fills a gap in existing scholarship by applying Jürgen Habermas’s public sphere theory to gendered literary discourse in eighteenth-century Britain. Specifically, it examines how gendered communication in letter-writing and satire contributed to shaping early modern ideas of the public sphere.

Methodology: Using a qualitative literary approach that incorporates textual analysis and comparative reading, the research investigates Samuel Richardson's Pamela; or Virtue Rewarded (1740) and Tobias Smollett's The Expedition of Humphry Clinker (1771).

Results: The analysis reveals how these works negotiate the complex boundaries between private domestic life and public political discussion. The findings highlight a distinct contrast between the texts: Pamela demonstrates women’s indirect participation in public life through private letter-writing, effectively transforming domestic confinement into public influence. Conversely, Humphry Clinker offers a broader satire of social and political transformation, reflecting anxieties regarding class mobility and the changing structure of British society. Ultimately, the study challenges the limitations of Habermas’s framework regarding women's participation, proposing that these eighteenth-century novels served as active spaces for public dialogue and moral debate.

Conclusion: This research underscores the significant role of literary form in reflecting and influencing the development of public sphere concepts during this period.

Development of Transformational Leadership Guidelines for School Administrators in Maha Sarakham Primary Educational Service Area Office 1

Natthiya Kumharpol, Kritkanok Duangchatom, Piyaluk Potiwan — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background and Aims: In the 21st century, rapid economic, social, and technological changes have compelled school administrators to assume the role of transformational leaders capable of driving their organizations to effectively respond to the challenges of the digital era. However, administrators under the Primary Educational Service Area Office 1, Maha Sarakham, still face limitations in resources and development opportunities, which constrain their leadership potential. This study aimed to (1) examine the current conditions, desired conditions and priority needs of transformational leadership among school administrators, and (2) develop a context-appropriate guideline for enhancing transformational leadership in the area.

Methodology: This research employed a developmental design using a mixed-methods approach, conducted in two phases. Phase 1, quantitative research, utilized a questionnaire administered to 303 school administrators and teachers selected through stratified random sampling. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Modified Priority Needs Index (PNI_Modified). Phase 2, qualitative research, involved semi-structured interviews with six key informants and an expert evaluation of the developed guideline by nine specialists. Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis.

Results: The overall level of transformational leadership among school administrators was high, while the desired condition was rated at the highest level. The dimension with the highest priority need was idealized influence (PNI_Modified = 0.31). The developed guidelines were evaluated by experts as being highly appropriate and highly feasible.

Conclusion: The proposed guideline for developing transformational leadership covering principles, objectives, content, developmental processes, and evaluation can be effectively applied in both policy and practice. It supports the enhancement of school administrators’ moral integrity, vision, and leadership capacity to transform their schools into learning organizations capable of adapting to societal changes in the digital age.

Digital Technology Leadership of School Administrators under the Secondary Educational Service Area Office Bangkok 1

Ratana Sonpiam, Sombat Dejbamrung, Somchai Dejbamrung, Arom Chindapan — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background and Aims: Digital technology has played a crucial role in driving the education system forward. Therefore, school administrators must possess digital technology leadership in order to manage and develop their institutions effectively.
The ability to adapt to and implement technology is a key factor for the success of educational organizations in the 21st century. The objectives of this research article are: (1) to study the digital technology leadership of school administrators, (2) to explore approaches for promoting digital technology leadership among school administrators, and (3) to examine strategies for developing digital technology leadership in school administrators.

Methodology: This study employed a mixed-methods research design. The sample consisted of 370 teachers from schools under the Office of the Secondary Educational Service Area Bangkok 1, selected using Taro Yamane’s sample size table and stratified random sampling. The research instruments included a questionnaire and a structured interview. The statistical methods used for data analysis were frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and content analysis.

Results: 1) The digital leadership of school administrators was found to be at a high average level. When considering each aspect, the highest average was in having a digital vision and digital communication, while the lowest was in digital literacy. 2) The guidelines for promoting digital leadership among school administrators are as follows:
(1) Public relations with the aim of building a positive image; (2) Creating understanding through clear and easily understandable visual media; (3) Applying digital technology to support online learning and education; (4) Providing access to modern digital technology services; (5) Building the school’s digital technology image; (6) Increasing administrative efficiency through digital technology; (7) Developing strategic plans to implement digital technology effectively in operations; (8) Analyzing the current digital technology status of the school to develop strategies; and (9) Promoting the application of digital technology in student support systems. And 3) The guidelines for developing digital leadership among school administrators include: (1) Using digital technology to monitor teachers’ use of instructional media; (2) Using digital technology to create databases, plan, monitor staffing, and determine positions; (3) Using digital technology to effectively monitor the performance of school personnel; (4) Being aware of and keeping up with digital technology usage; (5) Selecting digital technology that appropriately meets the needs of the school effectively; and (6) Managing personal data efficiently and securely.

Conclusion: All school administrators must recognize the value and importance of digital technology leadership in order to keep pace with 21st-century technology and future advancements. Without digital leadership, school operations will lack efficiency, effectiveness, and credibility in the eyes of the community and society. In particular, administrators under the jurisdiction of the Secondary Educational Service Area Office Bangkok 1 must cultivate digital leadership within themselves, among colleagues, as well as among parents and students, to keep up with the rapidly advancing digital technologies.

Time Management of School Administrators Affecting the Work Efficiency in School under Nakhon Si Thammarat Primary Educational Service Area Office 4

Nannapat Samart, Sombat Dejbamrung, Somchai Dejbamrung, Suchat Savetbodi — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background and Aims: Time management is a crucial factor that enables school administrators to effectively plan, control, and carry out various tasks under the diverse workload of a school environment. Appropriate time utilization directly impacts the quality and success of school operations. This research aimed to: (1) study the time management of school administrators under the Nakhon Si Thammarat Primary Educational Service Area Office 4, (2) study the work efficiency in schools under the same jurisdiction, and (3) examine how the time management of school administrators affects work efficiency in schools under the Nakhon Si Thammarat Primary Educational Service Area Office 4.

Methodology: This research is a descriptive study. The sample group consisted of 302 teachers from schools under the Nakhon Si Thammarat Primary Educational Service Area Office 4, selected through stratified random sampling. The research instrument was a questionnaire. The statistics used for data analysis included percentage, mean, standard deviation, and stepwise multiple regression analysis.

Results: 1) The time management of school administrators under the Nakhon Si Thammarat Primary Educational Service Area Office 4 was found to be at a high level overall. When considering each aspect, two aspects were rated at the highest level and four aspects at a high level. The highest mean score was for task prioritization, followed by calendar planning, while the lowest was for the ability to say no. 2) The work efficiency in schools under the Nakhon Si Thammarat Primary Educational Service Area Office 4 was also found to be at a high level overall. Three aspects were rated at the highest level and one aspect at a high level. The highest mean score was for time management, followed by work quantity and cost efficiency, while the lowest was for work quality. And 3) Time management of school administrators had a statistically significant effect on work efficiency in schools under the Nakhon Si Thammarat Primary Educational Service Area Office 4 at the .01 level.

Conclusion: School administrators demonstrated good time management, particularly in planning and task prioritization. This contributed to a high overall level of work efficiency in terms of time, workload, and cost. Although weaknesses were identified in work quality and the ability to decline unnecessary tasks, the overall findings indicate that effective time management by administrators positively impacts the school's operational efficiency and organization. If administrators are able to achieve a true balance between responsibility and appropriate time use, it could significantly enhance the quality of education and reduce redundant workloads within schools.

Guidelines for Developing Ethical Leadership among School Administrators under Khon Kaen Primary Educational Service Area Office 5

Teeradet Thongouan, Chayakan Ruangsuwan, Runglawun Laamkha — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background and Aims: In the 21st century, rapid changes in economic, social, and technological dimensions have made educational administration increasingly complex and demanding. School administrators are thus required to exhibit leadership that not only focuses on academic performance but also integrates moral consciousness, ethical integrity, and transparency to serve as role models and guide their organizations toward sustainability. This study aimed to (1) examine the current situation, desired condition, and priority needs of ethical leadership among school administrators under the Khon Kaen Primary Educational Service Area Office 5, and (2) develop suitable guidelines for enhancing ethical leadership in this context.

Methodology: This study employed a research and development (R&D) design consisting of two phases. In Phase 1, the current and desired conditions and the priority needs were examined using a questionnaire administered to a sample of 311 participants, 43 school administrators and 268 teachers, selected through stratified random sampling. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Priority Needs Index (PNI_Modified). In Phase 2, both quantitative and qualitative data were synthesized to develop ethical leadership guidelines through in-depth interviews with six exemplary school administrators. The proposed guidelines were then evaluated for appropriateness and feasibility by nine experts.

Results: The findings revealed that the overall current state of ethical leadership among school administrators was at a moderate level (= 3.49, S.D. = 0.72), while the desired condition was at the highest level (= 4.65, S.D. = 0.50). The most prioritized aspect for development was respectfulness (PNI_Modified = 0.39). The developed guidelines comprised five core components: honesty, responsibility, fairness, respectfulness, and trust. Expert evaluations indicated that the guidelines were highly appropriate and feasible (= 4.82, S.D. = 0.37; = 4.76, S.D. = 0.50, respectively).

Conclusion: The developed guidelines for ethical leadership were comprehensive, coherent, and practically applicable to the school context. Their implementation can strengthen administrators’ morality, transparency, and accountability, serving as a key mechanism to foster moral and sustainable school organizations.

Issues in the Definition of Offenses under Section 14 (1), (2), and (3) of the Computer Crime Act B.E. 2550 (2007)

Apiradee Raktham, Jirawut Lipipun — Thu, 04 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background and Purpose: The Computer Crime Act B.E. 2550 (2007), particularly Section 14 paragraphs (1), (2), and (3), criminalizes the introduction of false or fake information into a computer system, as well as information affecting national security or related to terrorism. While the Act was enacted to prevent technological misuse, the wording of Section 14 remains ambiguous and lacks sufficient legal precision. Terms such as “false information” and “fake information” are undefined, and broad expressions like “causing public panic” or “harming national security” invite arbitrary interpretation and overbroad application. Such ambiguity undermines the rule of law, the principle of legal certainty, and the protection of fundamental rights.

Objective: This article seeks to examine the substantive scope of offenses under Section 14 (1), (2), and (3) of the Computer Crime Act B.E. 2550 (2007) and to propose legislative reforms that align Thai law with contemporary legal principles emphasizing proportionality, fairness, and clarity.

Methodology: The study adopts a documentary research method, drawing upon the Computer Crime Act B.E. 2550 (2007) and its amendments, relevant Constitutional Court judgments, legal commentaries, academic works, and comparative analyses with international legal standards. The findings are synthesized to develop policy and legislative recommendations for addressing the current ambiguities in the law.

Results: The research reveals that Thai criminal law retains characteristics of centralized interpretive authority and imposes uniform penalties without distinguishing between levels of harm or intent. This approach impedes the realization of justice within the criminal process and creates potential for misuse of Section 14 against individuals expressing political dissent.

Conclusion: It is recommended that Section 14, particularly subsections (1), (2), and (3), be amended to include precise definitions within Section 3 of the Computer Crime Act, differentiate penalties based on the gravity of the offense, and clarify the elements of intent and consequence. Such revisions would strengthen legal certainty, safeguard civil liberties, and promote more equitable and effective law enforcement.

Evidence Extraction From The Body Of The Accused An Analysis Of Section 131/1 Of The Criminal

Kornvika NIamsri, Jirawut Lipipan — Thu, 18 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background and Aims: The criminal justice process is fundamentally oriented toward discovering the truth, relying on evidentiary mechanisms to establish factual accuracy. Among the various forms of evidence, scientific evidence derived from the accused's body holds particular probative value due to its high precision and reliability. Such evidence includes chemical testing, DNA analysis, examination of bodily fluids, toxicological screening, and radiological imaging, all of which may decisively demonstrate an individual’s involvement in—or exclusion from—criminal conduct. This article aims to achieve three principal objectives. First, the findings of this study reveal that Section 131/1 was enacted with the intention of empowering the State to access the body of the accused for the purpose of obtaining scientific evidence—such as blood, saliva, DNA, narcotics, or physical injury traces—to determine whether the accused is connected to the alleged offense. However, the provision grants inquiry officials relatively broad discretionary authority and lacks explicit mechanisms for judicial oversight. In particular, the law does not clearly require prior court authorization for invasive or high-risk procedures, such as blood extraction, surgical intervention, or examinations that may endanger bodily integrity. Second, it undertakes a comparative analysis of legal principles and operational practices in jurisdictions that maintain robust protections for suspects’ rights, namely the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and France. Third, it proposes policy-oriented recommendations to reform Thai law, enhancing compliance with international human rights standards and promoting a balanced relationship between the State's investigative powers and the protection of individual rights and liberties. Comparative analysis demonstrates that jurisdictions with stringent safeguards for suspects’ rights recognize the legitimacy and evidentiary importance of bodily examinations but impose far more rigorous procedural controls than those found in Thai law. In the United States, such measures are governed by the Fourth Amendment, which requires probable cause and, in many instances, a judicial warrant. The United Kingdom applies the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE), which categorizes bodily examinations in detail and prescribes differentiated procedures based on the degree of intrusion. Germany mandates judicial authorization for most examinations that significantly interfere with personal rights and strictly applies the principle of proportionality. France places bodily examinations under the supervision of judicial authorities and medical professionals, with formalized procedures that allow the accused to raise objections. These systems collectively demonstrate transparent, accountable, and reviewable frameworks that effectively balance state interests with the protection of fundamental rights—frameworks that remain insufficiently developed under Thai law.

Methodology: The study adopts a documentary research method, drawing upon the Thai Criminal Procedure Code Section 131/1, relevant judgments, legal commentaries, academic works, and comparative along with the Thai Criminal Procedure principle and comparative with the foreign law, legal articles and legislative recommendations for addressing the current ambiguities in the law.

Results: The study further indicates that reform of Section 131/1 should prioritize clarity, transparency, and accountability in the conduct of bodily examinations. Legislative amendments should clearly delineate the permissible types of examinations, establish explicit conditions for their conduct, and incorporate the principles of necessity and proportionality as binding legal standards. Judicial authorization should be mandated for highly intrusive procedures, consistent with comparative international practice. Moreover, operational standards should emphasize respect for human dignity, require examinations to be conducted by qualified medical personnel, ensure careful management and protection of biological data, and introduce effective sanctions or remedial mechanisms in cases of abuse of authority.

Conclusion: While the collection of scientific evidence from the accused's body is an indispensable tool in modern criminal justice, its use must remain strictly confined within a legal framework that guarantees the rights and freedoms of the accused. Although Section 131/1 of the Thai Criminal Procedure Code formally recognizes such rights, its practical application remains unclear with respect to the scope of investigative authority and the adequacy of rights protections. This ambiguity has generated ongoing legal and ethical debates, particularly concerning potential human rights violations. Accordingly, this article advocates for comparative, rights-based reform to align Thai law with the rule of law and international human rights standards.

An Approach to Punishing Juvenile Offenders

Fri, 26 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background and Aims: The current situation indicates a rising number of crimes committed by juveniles, which in many instances are violent offenses such as rape, robbery, aggravated assault, and homicide. This issue is framed by Thailand's Penal Code, wherein Section 73 stipulates that a child not over twelve years of age who commits an act defined by law as an offense is exempt from punishment. Similarly, Section 74 provides that a child over twelve but not exceeding fifteen years of age is not subject to criminal penalties; instead, the court is empowered to apply alternative measures specifically designed for juveniles. These legal provisions have given rise to significant social concerns. There is a fear that the impunity granted to young offenders may encourage imitative or "copycat" criminal behavior. Furthermore, victims and their families perceive a lack of protection from the state, feeling that these measures are disproportionate to the harm they have suffered and fail to provide a sense of justice.

Methodology: This academic article employs a documentary research methodology, examining literature concerning the concepts of punishment and legal measures for juvenile offenders. The study undertakes a comparative legal analysis of Thai law alongside the laws of several foreign jurisdictions, namely the United States of America, Canada, the French Republic, the People's Republic of China, and the Republic of Korea (South Korea). The data gathered from these sources will be analyzed to propose suitable guidelines for the punishment of juvenile offenders in Thailand.

Results: In Thailand, the punitive measures for offenders aged over twelve but not exceeding fifteen are largely ineffective as a deterrent against imitative criminal behavior among juveniles. Concurrently, victims perceive these measures as inadequate, feeling unprotected by a state that enforces responses disproportionate to the harm they have suffered. In contrast, the approaches in Canada, the French Republic, the People's Republic of China, and the Republic of Korea (South Korea) attempt to align with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. This is demonstrated by their adherence to recommendations against imposing criminal penalties on individuals under twelve and by establishing special measures for persons under eighteen, distinct from the adult justice system. Meanwhile, the United States exhibits significant jurisdictional variance, with the age of criminal responsibility differing from state to state. Ultimately, the nations studied offer suitable measures for the supervision and control of juvenile offenders that could be appropriately adapted for implementation in Thailand.

Conclusion: Among the jurisdictions studied, the rehabilitative and restorative framework utilized by the Juvenile and Family Courts of the Republic of Korea presents the most suitable model for adaptation in Thailand. These measures, which prioritize the rehabilitation of the offender and restoration of harm over purely punitive sanctions, offer a promising approach to reforming Thailand's juvenile justice system.