Journal of Population and Social Studies [JPSS]

Socio-Spatial Analysis of Poverty: A Comprehensive Study on Integrating Multidimensional Poverty Indices with Geographic Conditions in Krucil District, Probolinggo, Indonesia

Ifan Deffinika — 2024-10-31

The role of geography in population studies is represented by the utilization of space in studying social issues. The study explores the intersection of geography and population studies by employing spatial analysis to examine social problems, particularly poverty. Focusing on the Krucil District in Probolinggo Regency, East Java, Indonesia, the research integrates multidimensional indicators of well-being to provide a comprehensive understanding of poverty. The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) is a comprehensive poverty measurement tool at the individual and household levels. The urgent integration of spatial analysis into social sciences is essential for addressing the significant poverty level as a socioeconomic problem. Poverty measurement was analyzed using the Alkire-Foster (AF) method with primary data from 132 households across 11 sub-districts. Results reveal the MPI score of 0.19, indicating significant poverty levels, with the health dimension most affected. Moran’s index of -0.134, indicating no spatial autocorrelation (p value > alpha, .574 > 0.05), suggesting that high multidimensional poverty areas are surrounded by low poverty areas and vice versa, with geographic, spatial, and physical conditions significantly contributing to multidimensional poverty. These findings suggest that poverty alleviation efforts commence with Seneng Village, which has been designated as a pilot project. This approach will allow for the testing and refinement of strategies in a controlled environment, providing valuable insights and data that can be applied to broader initiatives.

Life Experiences and Well-Being Among Children Born to Mothers Living With HIV in Two Provinces of Thailand

Parichart Chantcharas — 2024-10-30

This study explores the complex experiences of children living with HIV (CLHIV) who were born to mothers living with HIV (MLHIV), particularly during their transition into adolescence and beyond, aiming to enhance their well-being. By investigating life experiences and determinants of well-being, the research seeks to uncover intricate challenges and offer insights into the factors influencing their well-being. The study uses a mixed-methods approach, combining a cross-sectional survey with structured tools and case studies involving in-depth interviews for a comprehensive analysis. The study settings encompass community and provincial hospitals in two provinces within Thailand’s Central region, chosen for the presence of organizations supporting people living with HIV (PLHIV). The study examines well-being using standardized instruments: the Pictorial Thai Self-Esteem Scale (PTSS) and the PedsQL™ 4.0: Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory TM (Thai version). The findings illuminate various challenges faced by CLHIV, such as educational barriers, psychosocial difficulties, and stigma and discrimination rooted in past experiences. Recommendations emphasize the importance of quality education and employment opportunities, alongside addressing psychosocial challenges, to support the well-being of CLHIV. The study’s outcomes provide valuable insights for policymakers, healthcare providers, and organizations working with CLHIV, guiding future interventions and policies to uplift this vulnerable population.

Development of Positive Mental Health Measurement for Gender-Diverse Students in Thailand

Chunipha Poedloknimit — 2024-10-24

Gender-diverse students experience elevated rates of anxiety, depression, suicidal thoughts, and self-harm compared to their heterosexual peers. This study aims to develop a Positive Mental Health Measurement for gender-diverse students in Thailand. Employing a mixed methods research approach, specifically utilizing an exploratory sequential research design, the study began with a qualitative phase to explore the dimensions and meaning of positive mental health through in-depth interviews with 10 participants. Subsequently, a quantitative phase involved a second-order confirmatory factor analysis. The sample comprised 800 participants, divided equally between the exploratory factor analysis (EFA = 400) and second-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA = 400). The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the scale was calculated as 0.927, indicating high internal consistency reliability. Results identified seven key components of positive mental health: 1) self-acceptance, 2) prosocial behavior, 3) interpersonal relationships, 4) autonomy, 5) coping ability, 6) self-esteem, and 7) problem-solving. The second-order confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the structure of the positive mental health model, with fit indices meeting standard thresholds (χ² = 278.40, p = 0.076, GFI = 0.95, AGFI = 0.92, CFI = 1.00, SRMR = 0.04, RMR = 0.04, RMSEA = 0.01, NFI = 0.99). Standardized loadings of the seven factors onto the higher-order factor were robust, ranging from 0.70 to 0.96. The implication of this study underscores the importance of employing positive mental health measurement to proactively address mental health challenges among undergraduate students with diverse sexual orientations.

An Exploratory Study on Bonding and Bridging Social Capital Among the Non-Displaced Kashmiri Pandits in Kashmir, India

Avinash Koul — 2024-10-20

In this exploratory study, we investigate two forms of social capital, bonding and bridging social capital among the non-displaced Kashmiri Pandits in Kashmir, India. In addition, we attempt to understand how displacement impinged the bonding and bridging social capital of non-displaced Kashmiri Pandits. The study uses a qualitative and ethnographic research design to elicit information from the participants. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 30 non-displaced Kashmiri Pandits in Kashmir, comprising 19 men and 11 women. The study concludes that the bonding social capital of non-displaced Kashmiri Pandits is plagued by a lack of interconnectedness caused by physical distance. In addition, the bridging social capital is restricted to a few Muslim neighbors and friends whom non-displaced Kashmiri Pandits have known for generations. The research findings suggest that if the bridging social capital of the non-displaced Kashmiri Pandit community is extended to the majority of the Kashmiri Muslim community, it will integrate both communities at large.

A More Effective Social Protection System for Older Workers: A Case Study of the Older Adult Employment Project in Thailand

Watchara Pechdin — 2024-10-18

The phenomenon of old-age pensioners reentering the workforce is neither new nor unique and has been well-reported in several published literature. However, there are remaining challenges to this group of job seekers whose needs have yet to be well-documented from employer’s perspectives, especially regarding decent work, legal landscape, and organizational culture. Our study seeks to provide a better understanding of the underlying causes of these and to help policymakers introduce social protection policies to create a more welcoming and supportive environment for older workers. The study used a case study from service companies in Thailand that participated in the Thai government’s campaign on promoting older employment. Data was collected from interviews with top managers of the human resources department, and that information was analyzed by thematic analysis. Key findings highlighted that the supportive mechanisms for matching decent work, a room for integrating legal framework, and a culture that values inclusivity and fair treatment of all workers, regardless of age, can enhance the social protection system for older workers. The establishment of a modern database of older workers’ skills, which ensures easy accessibility to both employers and older workers, the establishment of a task force specific for monitoring laws and regulations concerning older employment, and the development of effective measures against workplace discrimination are recommended as effective interventions for social protection.

Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Adolescent Mothers in Indonesia: Does Maternal Education Level Matter?

Tumaji Tumaji — 2024-10-08

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is a vital element in the early stages of life. Feeding newborns solely breast milk from birth until they are six months old is sufficient. However, EBF by adolescent mothers is still not optimal. The study analyzed the effect of maternal education on EBF among babies with adolescent mothers in Indonesia. The cross-sectional study examined 560 babies (a–5 months). We analyzed EBF practice as a dependent variable. We included six mothers' characteristics (education, residence, age, marital, employment, and wealth) and two baby characteristics (sex and early breastfeeding initiation) as independent variables. In this study, the initial stage was a bivariate analysis using chi-square. Then, a multicollinearity test was conducted to ensure no strong relationship between the independent variables. Finally, a multivariate test was conducted to determine the factors of EBF in babies with adolescent mothers. The results showed that adolescent mothers with primary education were 2.920 times more likely than those without education to perform EBF (AOR = 2.920, 95% CI [2.521–3.382]). Moreover, adolescent mothers with secondary education were 2.325 times more likely to achieve EBF than those without (AOR = 2.325, 95% CI [2.001–2.701]). The study concluded that all education levels were likelier to perform EBF than those without formal education. Further research is needed to understand the breastfeeding experience of adolescent mothers. Exceptional support and attention regarding EBF should be directed to adolescent mothers who are without formal education.

Assessment of Quality of Life and Work Motivation Among the Aging Workforce in Suphan Buri, Thailand

Siriluk Pichainarongk — 2024-10-08

Demographic changes due to the reduced birth rate and aging in the population increase the proportion of older persons in the workforce. This article explores the determinants of and impacts on quality of life and motivation for work among the aging workforce of Suphan Buri, Thailand. Using a cross-sectional, mixed-methods approach from surveys and interviews with older persons, the quality of life of the older people in Suphan Buri was assessed as variable and dependent on their health and socioeconomic statuses. Personal characteristics of family and community, together with health and financial status, reflected quality of life and work motivation. A concept model connected the concepts of Relational, Income, Care, and Environmental (RICE) factors from analyzing themes to determine the quality of life and work motivation outcomes. Quality of life and work motivational factors for the aging workforce are also essential for the sustainability of agricultural and economic performance measures and production outcomes for Suphan Buri, Thailand. Efforts focusing on financial literacy, occupational policies, practices, and promoting family relationships, health status, and social engagements should be a strategy to prepare for aging and support a better quality of life and work experience.

Developing a Policy Model to Support Family Caregivers of Dependent Older Adults in Bangkok

Nedchanok Suna — 2024-10-08

This article aims to present the situation of family caregivers of dependent older individuals in the Bangkok area and proposes a model policy to support them. This study used mixed methods with a multi-phase design. Based on 357 participants, the results indicate that family caregivers in Bangkok faced problems, with moderate levels ( = 2.51) in caring for older dependents and their roles as direct caregivers. Yet, they hold high expectations for support ( = 3.86). The proposed model comprises four components derived from exploratory factor analysis of quantitative data, supplemented by qualitative data from a case study involving five individuals, tested and assessed by Bangkok executives or representatives (totaling six individuals), along with seven practitioners supporting older adult caregivers. These components include establishing systems, mechanisms, rights, and welfare; supporting work and relaxation; creating all-inclusive care service units for dependent older individuals; and providing medical and public health services. Implementing local-level policies is crucial for supporting family caregivers, with the Department of Older Persons collaborating with civil society for integration and engagement. Through this collaboration, concrete forms of support for family caregivers of independent older individuals are expected to be established.

Polymorbidity and Health Outcomes Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Evidence from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India

Pragya Taneja — 2024-10-08

Polymorbidity is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in the aging population. The present study analyses the prevalence and explores the determinants of polymorbidity among middle-aged and older adults. The study utilizes the 2017–2018 Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI 2017–2018), a national representative dataset on health conditions of people aged 45 years and above, to study the relative risk estimates. The analysis uses the multinomial logit model (MNL) with their relative risk ratios (RRR). The findings of RRR suggest that the risk of polymorbidity significantly depends on parents’ medical history, residing in a front-runner state, and consultation at healthcare centers in both middle-aged and older adults. The prevalence of severe polymorbidity is higher among well-educated individuals and rural residents. The richer household carries a lower risk of polymorbidity, and the older adults from the general caste category are at higher risk of severe polymorbidity. The findings aim to redress the problems attached to the old age population in India. The paper recommends promoting preventive and precautionary attitudes over curative attitudes through health policies by introducing a patient-oriented and disease-centered approach to healthcare provision in India.

The Effect of Parkour Activities on Specific Physical Fitness and Grit in the Population of Healthy Youth Football Athletes

Hasyim Hasyim — 2024-10-08

This study investigates the effects of parkour activity (PA) on physical fitness and grit for youth soccer athletes. True experimental research with a random control trial design for 12 weeks was adopted in this study. There were 78 male youth soccer athletes involved in the experimental (PA, n = 39) and control group (CG, n = 39) groups. The PA intervention program was carried out three times a week for 12 weeks. Pre-post-intervention tests were carried out to assess physical fitness and grit. The results of repeated measures ANOVA showed that there were significant effects of time, group, and time*group interaction on physical fitness (all, p < .05) and grit (all, p < .05). Meanwhile, Student’s paired t-test results show that the PA group experienced significant differences scores between pre-and post-test in physical fitness (all, p < .05) and grit (all, p < .05), but in CG the differences were significant only occurred in sprint test 30m (p < .05), Illinois agility test (p < .05), hand grip test (p < .05) and there was no other difference, including grit (p > .05). In conclusion, we highlight that PA is the valid method to promote physical fitness and grit in youth soccer athletes.

Factors Related to Periodontal Diseases Among Pregnant Women: A National Cross-Sectional Study in Indonesia

Oktarina Oktarina — 2024-09-18

Pregnant women are at a high risk of periodontal tissue damage. It is because of changes in food patterns and poor mouth hygiene. This research aims to determine factors associated with periodontal diseases among pregnant women in Indonesia. It was an observational study with a cross-sectional design. The study used secondary data from 2018 Basic Health Research (Riskesdas). From the 300,000 sample households interviewed, there were 8,902 pregnant women. The dependent variable was periodontal diseases, and the independent variables were characteristics, systemic, and behavioral factors. To determine the factors most associated with periodontal disease in pregnant women using multivariate logistic regression. The results of this study indicate that the prevalence of periodontal in pregnant women in Indonesia is 65.7%. The factors most associated with periodontal disease in pregnant mothers are lack of education, living in urban areas, gestational age, brushing teeth after breakfast and before sleeping, and smoking. This research highlights the importance of enhancing oral health education and promoting healthy lifestyles to reduce the risk of periodontal disease in pregnant women.

Global Trends and Issues in Child Marriage Research: Bibliometrics and Content Analysis

Juariah — 2024-09-12

The practice of child marriage (CM) has become a significant global concern, severely impacting children’s well-being. This study employs bibliometric analysis and content analysis to identify global publication trends on CM and effectively address the research gaps in this field. The study used the Scopus database from 1994 to 2021. This research can be seen from the number of publications and citations that tend to increase. The United States, India, and the United Kingdom are the countries with the most influential authors, affiliates, articles, and publication performance. Compared with the three countries, not many authors from Asia have been published on the topic; however, some countries in Asia have more child marriages. This research review shows that articles on CM mainly discuss the drivers and impacts of CM and its intervention efforts. With traditional and cultural practice, health, and reproductive rights, CM is related to human rights and the effects of CM intergenerational relationships. This study suggests that future research focuses on (i) CM policies, (ii) the participation and agency of the child to reduce CM, and (iii) CM with refugees for humanitarian context as a matter of CM occurring.

Does Social Capital Play an Important Role in Disaster Recovery?: A Qualitative Study of the 2022 Cianjur Earthquake in Indonesia

Hafizha Ilma Qadriina — 2024-09-12

Social capital is an asset sourced from within the community that can be mobilized to encourage people to take collective action to achieve specific goals. If managed properly, social capital can have a positive impact on society. Social capital can be utilized to improve the community’s ability to recover after a disaster through collective action, offering support and facilitating community recovery. Various studies have shown that it is not physical and structural factors but social capital that serves as the main engine of long-term recovery after a disaster. Therefore, this research aims to find out and analyze the role of social capital in the recovery process of community survivors of the 2022 Cianjur earthquake. The study used a qualitative method with the Interactive Analysis Model to process and analyze the data. The data is obtained through literature review, observation, and in-depth interviews with 16 informants who were survivors and parties involved during the Cianjur earthquake recovery process. The results showed that social capital is significant in encouraging community-based recovery, enabling financial assistance during recovery, and generating potential conflicts that can constrain recovery. Considering the critical role of social capital in the post-disaster recovery process, the government and other stakeholders need to pay attention and consider how to utilize the role of social capital in the post-disaster recovery process.

Social Perceptions About Stunting in Rural Communities in Central Java, Indonesia: A Qualitative Study

Ratna Trisilawati — 2024-09-12

Stunting continues to be a global health challenge. Despite numerous interventions, community engagement in addressing stunting often remains inadequate. This qualitative study explores the perceptions of stunting within rural communities in Central Java, Indonesia. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation from 58 participants, including prospective brides, pregnant women, mothers, grandmothers, religious leaders, community leaders, and health cadres, who met specific selection criteria. The study uncovered widespread misconceptions in the community, where stunting is frequently perceived as a hereditary condition or a matter of fate, diminishing the perceived need for medical intervention. Through thematic analysis, the research emphasizes the critical importance of strategic communication in raising awareness about stunting and the necessity for community empowerment in designing and implementing interventions that integrate local cultural and social elements. The findings highlight the need to enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of stunting reduction programs, emphasizing the pivotal role of community involvement from planning to execution in overcoming passive attitudes and misconceptions that impede stunting prevention efforts.

Breaking Down Barriers: The Promise of Health Insurance for India’s Urban and Rural Poor

Barsharani Maharana — 2024-09-11

The objective of this study is to evaluate the coverage of existing health insurance schemes for the Indian urban and rural poor and identify the socioeconomic barriers that prevent households from accessing health insurance. The study uses two rounds of National Family Health Survey (NFHS) data (NFHS-4 and NFHS-5). First, the distribution of insurance coverage among the urban and rural poor households is examined. Second, a logistic regression model is applied to identify the socioeconomic determinants of the coverage. Finally, the Fairlie decomposition technique is employed to identify the factors contributing to disparities in insurance coverage among the urban and rural poor households in NFHS-4 and NFHS-5. The study reveals that health insurance coverage is not evenly distributed across socioeconomic backgrounds, with a significant difference in coverage between poor households in both urban and rural areas. In both surveys, older household heads, Islam religion, Scheduled tribes, households with below-poverty line (BPL) cards, and aspirational districts are significantly contributing to the insurance coverage gap between the urban and rural poor. Further, this study provides important implications for expanding health insurance coverage in India, thus suggesting the need for more equitable distribution of health insurance coverage and targeted interventions to address the disparities.

Stress, Depression, Public Stigma, and Their Associated Factors Among University Students in Thailand After the COVID-19 Pandemic

Pallop Siewchaisakul — 2024-09-05

University students have been faced with challenges, including COVID-19 public stigma, which results in increased stress and depression. Few studies have assessed stress, depression, and public stigma of COVID-19 after the pandemic. This paper investigated stress, depression, and public stigma of COVID-19 among Thai University students. A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online questionnaire to assess stress, depression, and public stigma resulting from COVID-19 among Thai university students between 15 and 30 August 2022. The questionnaire was developed by the Department of Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand. Public stigma was measured by the COVID-19 public stigma scale. The effects of public COVID-19 stigma on stress and depression were analyzed using multivariable multi-level logistic regression. A total of 2,422 students completed the questionnaire. After multivariable analysis adjustment, students who experienced COVID-19 public stigma showed increased stress (AOR = 1.53; 95% CI [1.27–1.84]) and depression levels (AOR = 1.34; 95% CI [1.01–1.79]). Those who lived with high-risk COVID-19 individuals showed significant risk factors for stress, depression, and public stigma of COVID-19, while income presented the reverse effect. Those vaccinated with over two doses showed significantly reduced chances of depression. The COVID-19 public stigma plays a vital role in stress and depression levels among Thai university students. To mitigate stress and depression, an evaluation of public stigma is needed even after the pandemic. Further cohort studies are required to verify long-term results.

Rural-Urban Women’s Decision-Making Autonomy on Contraceptive Use in Indonesia

Asep Kusnali — 2024-09-04

This study examined the relationship between women’s decision-making autonomy and contraceptive use in Indonesia, using data from the 2014 Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) on 9,153 married women aged 15–49. Ordered logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between women’s participation in four household decisions and their decision-making autonomy. These decisions include food purchases, household purchases, freedom to visit family and relatives, and contraceptive use. The findings indicate that women in urban areas have higher levels of decision-making autonomy than those in rural areas. The autonomy index generally increases with age, but rural women consistently show lower autonomy levels across all age groups compared to their urban counterparts. A positive relationship between decision-making autonomy and contraceptive use was observed in both rural and urban settings. The marginal effect of autonomy on contraceptive use is more pronounced for short-acting reversible contraception (SARC) than for long-acting reversible contraception (LARC). Behavioral economic factors, such as distorted perceptions of excessive risk information about LARC, upfront costs, potential discomfort, and traditional social norms, influence contraceptive attitudes and behaviors. These findings underscore the importance of addressing gendered power dynamics and societal norms that restrict women’s autonomy.

Evaluating Food Production Shocks and Their Effects on Population Growth and Hunger in Africa

Abiodun Funso Okunlola — 2024-08-16

This study evaluates the impact of a one-standard deviation shock on food production and its subsequent effects on hunger and population growth in Africa. Using a forty-one-year dataset sourced from the Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System (ReSAKSS), the African Development Bank (AfDB), the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA), and the World Bank Development Indicators, the study employs three estimation methods: long-run significance, vector autoregression, and impulse response function (IRF). The findings indicate no long-term correlation between the variables. However, the IRF suggests that shocks to food production negatively impact hunger and population growth. The study underscores the need for urgent mass food production and the use of advanced agricultural production techniques to mitigate the exacerbating hunger crisis in Africa, given the rising population, conflicts, and climate change challenges.

Socioeconomic and Demographic Determinants of Marital Violence Against Women in Palestine

Mohamed Hammad Morzk — 2024-08-10

The study aimed to investigate the demographic, social, and economic factors that affect the prevalence rates of marital violence against Palestinian women. The present study used survey data. The declaration of violence in Palestinian society was made in 2019 by the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. The study sample consisted of 5,114 married women or formerly married women. In addition, the study used the descriptive approach to describe the demographic, social, and economic variables that affect the prevalence of marital violence against women (MVAW). Binary logistic regression was utilized to investigate the determinants of MVAW. The study concluded that young women are more susceptible to all forms of violence. An increase in the number of children in a family is correlated with higher rates of violence, and the women who are living in the Gaza Strip have elevated odds of experiencing MVAW if compared to women living in the West Bank. Women in low-income families are more susceptible to marital violence than women from affluent families. Currently, working women are less vulnerable to MVAW than their non-working counterparts. The study recommends further research and collaboration between government and non-government organizations to prevent the expansion of this problem.

Stay Active, Do Not Retire: Strategies for Older Persons to Remain in the Workforce in Community Enterprise in Thailand

Cholvit Jearajit — 2024-08-07

Given the societal transition towards a more inclusive society of older persons, encouraging job opportunities is another mechanism to address challenges associated with this shrinking workforce and strengthen active aging, leading to the value of older persons. This study introduces a framework for older persons based on community enterprises to bridge the gaps in previous research. It sheds more light on sustainable improvement in the older person’s quality of life. Another objective is to explore supportive methods for older persons’ well-being and job security. Based on a qualitative approach, the study adopted semi-structured interviews, group discussions, and observational methods from 20 older people. The findings indicate that older persons transform resources, encompassing social, cultural, human, economic, and psychological capital, which are utilized in strategies for aging well. Regarding work-related strategy, the employment status of older persons is closely tied to their membership status. Furthermore, this study reveals that older persons’ job security is associated with meaningful use of leisure time and the development of diverse skills.

Sentiments Across the Pacific: The Relationship Between Vietnamese Catholics in New Orleans, Louisiana, and the Homeland

Nguyen Vu Hoang — 2024-08-07

The end of the Vietnam War engendered a new relationship between Vietnamese refugees and their homeland. Based on fieldwork in Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu, Phan Thiết, and New Orleans, Louisiana, this article shows how transnational relationships have benefitted overseas Vietnamese, their Catholic home parish, families, and themselves. By analyzing deterritorialization and diaspora perspectives, this article further argues that since its ‘Renovation’ of 1986, the Vietnamese government has encountered challenges in its attempt to embrace a large population in the diaspora. Ultimately, the policy has led to side effects that have enlarged the gap between overseas Vietnamese and the government of Vietnam. However, Catholic sentiment and familial responsibilities became more significant than anti-communism for the Catholic Vietnamese in New Orleans in explaining their transnational and trans-Pacific relationships.

Contextualizing Fair Migration in Malaysia: From Sovereign Migration Governance Toward Developmental Global Migration Governance

Choo Chin Low — 2024-07-27

This paper proposes that fair migration governance in Malaysia reflects a gradual shift from sovereign migration governance towards developmental global migration governance. It examines three approaches the Malaysian government takes to enhance migrant rights protection: concluding a zero-cost migration memorandum of understanding (MoU), digitalizing the recruitment process for foreign workers, and introducing joint liability schemes for employers and private employment agencies. These approaches are a significant move towards rights-based solutions, consistent with Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 10.7: Facilitate orderly, safe, regular, and responsible migration and SDG 8.8: Protect labor rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers. Document analysis examines data from official documents and legislations, reports from international organizations, statements from migrant advocacy organizations and trade unions, parliamentary debates, and newspaper articles. The findings have two implications. First, it reflects a central shift in the conceptualization of Malaysia’s labor migration industry from a business model to a rights protection model through eliminating intermediaries. Second, it illustrates the transition of Malaysia’s migration policy from sovereign migration governance to developmental global migration governance. In the Malaysian case study, policy changes are both the consequence of a top-down statist approach and global and societal movements toward developmental global migration governance.

Understanding Women’s Sexual Empowerment: Insights from Indonesian Married Women

Marya Yenita Sitohang — 2024-07-20

This study explored factors that influence Indonesian women’s ability to negotiate sexual relationships by taking into account the differences between the regions. We employed multivariate logistic regression models using data from the 2017 Indonesian Demography and Health Survey (IDHS) to analyze the determinants of women’s capacity to negotiate sexual relationships, including refusing to have sexual intercourse and asking partners to use condoms. According to this study, Indonesian married women were able to refuse sexual intercourse better than to ask their husbands to use condoms. The factors that influenced married women’s capacity to navigate sexual relationships differed among regions, in which the Java region shared more similarities with Indonesia’s conditions than other regions. In all regions, high participation in making household decisions increased the likelihood that married women would refuse sex, while their approval of husbands’ wife-beating decreased the likelihood. Moreover, living in urban areas and wealthier households increased married women’s likelihood of negotiating condom use during sexual intercourse. Indonesian married women’s current contraceptive use determined both sexual refusal and condom negotiation ability. The findings from this study emphasized the need to address gender inequality regions’ socioeconomic and cultural factors that contribute to unequal power dynamics in marital relationships to enhance women’s reproductive autonomy and well-being in patriarchal societies.

An Exploratory Study on Factors Influencing the Decreasing Use of Ethnomedicine Among Indigenous Khasi Tribe in Bangladesh: A Qualitative Approach

Saju Bhuiya — 2024-07-11

This study aims to assess the institutional, social, individual, and environmental factors associated with the decreasing use of ethnomedicine among Khasi indigenous people. This qualitative study was conducted from January 2021 to December 2021 in two Khasi villages in Bangladesh. We conducted 48 informal conversations, 15 in-depth interviews, and five key informant interviews, with ongoing observations during fieldwork. Through the narrative of native people, several factors, such as institutional, social, cosmological beliefs, individual, and environmental factors, are associated with the decreasing use of ethnomedicine among Khasi indigenous people. Institutional factors include social forestation, land occupation for tea gardens, and land occupation for the reserve forest; social factors include cosmological belief, religious belief, trustworthiness, and longitude of medical care; individual factors influence education, medical accuracy, individual belief, and shortages of healers; environmental factors include the emergence of new diseases and losing therapeutic plants. Ethnomedicine could be a vital source of remedies for novel diseases (virus and bacteria-associated diseases). However, the matter of concern is that the use and significance of therapeutic plants are decreasing gradually. The results underscore the urgency of documenting ethnopharmacological data to conserve therapeutic plants, and clinical tests of therapeutic plants are needed to build trust in ethnomedicine.

Rural-Urban Fertility Disparity in The Gambia: Standardized Rate, Decomposition, Parity Progression, and Determinants

Ayo Stephen Adebowale — 2024-07-06

This cross-sectional design study examined rural-urban fertility differences in The Gambia. We used the 2019-20 Gambia Demographic and Health Survey data. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select women of reproductive age (8,747 urban & 3,119 rural). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Kitagawa’s Decomposition technique, and the negative binomial (NB) model, α = .05. The mean Children Ever Born (CEB) was higher in the rural (3.25 ± 3.02) than in the urban (2.19 ± 2.45) areas. In the urban and rural areas, 82.8% and 95.1% of women aged 45–49 years who had had three children progressed to fourth birth, respectively. The parity progression rate (λ) was lower in the urban (-0.0647) than in the rural (-0.051). The difference between the standardized fertility rates in rural and urban areas was 83.2 in The Gambia, and the effect of the age composition attributable to this difference was 8.11%. The fertility incidence rate ratio (IRR) was 44% (IRR = 1.440, 95% CI [1.371, 1.513], p < .001) higher in the rural than the urban areas. A similar pattern of rural-urban differences in fertility was observed in the full model. Childbearing progression was higher in rural areas than urban areas and rural-urban differences exist in fertility determinants in The Gambia. Thus, rural-urban-specific fertility reduction programs may address the observed fertility differences in the rural and urban areas in The Gambia.

Exploring the Factors of Recidivism From the Perspectives of Homeless Former Prisoners, Government Agency Officers, and Volunteers

Mohd Alif Jasni — 2024-07-06

The ongoing involvement of homeless former prisoners in crime raises questions about involvement factors. Failure to reintegrate into society frequently results in homeless former prisoners becoming re-involved in crime. The situation is particularly worrying when the recurring criminal involvement involves other overlapping factors, which should be identified for a sound understanding of this homeless group. In this research, 30 homeless former prisoners, nine Malaysian government agency officers, and nine volunteers were interviewed in this study. Several sub-themes, namely peer influence, self-confidence conferred by drugs, and drug addiction, were derived from interviews with homeless former prisoners. The officers’ interviews revealed the sub-themes of mental disorders, addiction problems, survival, friends’ influence, environmental influence, personal choice, and unrepentant. The volunteers’ interviews revealed the sub-themes of friends’ influence, unemployment, drug activity-filled environments, and drugs as a necessity. The findings provide an insight into the influence of drugs, which were among the leading contributing factors to the involvement of homeless former prisoners in crime. This comprehensive study involved three population groups and filled knowledge gaps on homeless former prisoners. Efforts to reduce recidivism require a diverse approach, which includes policies, agencies, and action plans.

Reducing Stigma Toward Mothers in Stunting Incidence by Increasing Fathers’ Participation in Raising Children

Budhy Prianto — 2024-07-05

Stunting has been considered a global problem that requires considerable attention and action to eradicate, including in developing countries like Indonesia. Initiatives have been made to reduce stunting in many parts of the country, yet they do not seem to bring the expected results. As such, we conducted a study to improve the situation by reducing stigma towards mothers and increasing fathers’ participation in caring for their children. The study was a case study. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGD) with families of stunted children. The study’s novelty lies in the proposed policy model of reducing stigma towards mothers and increasing fathers’ participation in child-raising to reduce stunting. Our findings confirm that mothers must be dealing with a stereotype of ideal mothers, and they find it hard to gain autonomy in decision-making related to their child’s upbringing, including health. Furthermore, findings also show that fathers’ participation in raising children is one of the solutions to reduce stunting. Fathers’ crucial roles are controlling their child’s nutrition, including feeding patterns, taking the child to health facilities, and keeping vaccination schedules. Reducing stigma toward mothers emphasizes gender-sensitive parenting and support from government agencies responsible for stunting eradication. Meanwhile, heterogeneity in how family members perceive stunting has also become another significant challenge that needs deeper exploration. Finally, this study presents policy recommendations to support fathers’ roles in overcoming stunting.

Subjectivities of Older Spousal Caregivers in Rural Northern Thailand: A Qualitative Study on Sociocultural Influences

Uthaikan Thanapet — 2024-06-26

The aging society and changes in living arrangements significantly impact family caregiving patterns, particularly in older spousal caregivers. This study examined how the subjectivities of older spousal caregivers have been shaped by social discourse and practices. A qualitative research approach was adopted in rural northern villages in Thailand. Data collection included 1) narrative interviews with eight older primary spousal caregivers and eight family members and neighbors, 2) in-depth interviews with ten healthcare providers, and 3) participatory observation. Both thematic and inductive methods of data analysis were applied. The finding demonstrated three distinct subjectivities regarding caregivers: older persons, medical, and sociocultural discourse. Medical and older people’s discourses influenced negative subjectivity on older caregivers regarding their physical decline with age; however, positive subjectivity of being a compassionate and capable caregiver was regarded as a valuable role. The findings reflected the changing sociocultural discourse in the northern region of Thailand. A caregiver is perceived as kon jàa, which refers to the committed role of both wife and husband, who care for their spouse for the rest of their lives. The implications of this study can benefit community-based care systems by enhancing the understanding of social and cultural discourse on caring and couplehood and incorporating caregiver needs into the care plan of older people with chronic illnesses.

Beyond Tradition: Exploring Alternative Marital Strategies for Belis in the Southwest Sumba Regency

Rismawidiawati — 2024-06-22

In Southwest Sumba, the belis tradition, or bride price, is a crucial aspect of marriage practices. While the system is intended to honor and show appreciation for the bride and her family, symbolizing the groom’s commitment and respect, it often results in substantial financial burdens, causing social dilemmas and prompting alternative practices. Based on this fact, this paper investigates the influence of the belis tradition and the emergence of alternative marriage practices in Southwest Sumba. Through qualitative methods, including in-depth interviews and participatory observations in the Southwest Sumba Regency, the experiences and perspectives of individuals involved in belis practice are explored. The result showed that financial constraints and the burden of belis obligations prompt some couples to seek alternatives such as dowo koro [entering the room], pregnancy out of wedlock [pakabu ulu], and elopement [pakodong], or softer approaches like paying belis and postponing marriage [kahaya ulu mata]. They go beyond tradition. These alternatives reflect shifting social norms regarding financial considerations, independence, and relationship equality. The study contributes to understanding the complexities of marriage and belis traditions in Southwest Sumba, particularly among young people in the Perono community of the Buku Bani site. It emphasizes the evolving nature of marriage within changing cultural contexts and underscores the importance of recognizing individual values and aspirations.

Fertility Decline in Egypt: From Overpopulation Fears to Below-Replacement Fertility and Policy Challenges

Antar A. Aboukorin — 2024-06-22

Although Egypt’s fertility rate has rapidly declined since 1950, fears of overpopulation are mounting in media outlets and government agendas. This paper argues that these fears are exaggerated and unjustifiable and could pose demographic & development challenges for Egypt. Therefore, the paper aims to statistically examine the projected fertility rates in Egypt until 2100. According to United Nations data, three significant results have been reached. First, Egypt is projected to go below the replacement fertility of 2.32 by 2045 and the replacement fertility of 2.11 by 2058. According to the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC) data, these dates are projected to be 13 to 21 years earlier, in 2032 and 2037, respectively. Second, by 2100, Egypt’s fertility rate will go as low as 1.85 (United Nations data) and only 1.59 (JRC data). Third, by 2100, Egypt will almost have the same fertility level as France, Germany, Japan, and Italy, all currently suffering acute demographic problems. These results demonstrate that fertility rates in Egypt are projected to continue declining; thus, fears of overpopulation are exaggerated and unjustifiable. However, Egyptian governments since 1976 viewed the fertility level as “Too High.” This situation could be inappropriate for Egypt and pose many demographic and development challenges.

Clustering of Communicable Diseases in Indonesia and the Factors that Affect Them: 2018 Basic Health Research Data Statistical Review

Muhammad Nur Aidi — 2024-06-20

The prevalence of communicable diseases in Indonesia is still high and causes morbidity and mortality in several Indonesian provinces. This cross-sectional study classified provinces based on the prevalence of seven communicable diseases: acute respiratory infections (ARI), pneumonia, diarrhea, filariasis, malaria, hepatitis, and tuberculosis (TB). The study analyzed the 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Research data. It is essential to categorize these diseases to identify regions with low, moderate, and high prevalence and the factors that affect them to facilitate the treatment of these diseases. Grouping provinces and influenced factors were analyzed using K-means, ANOVA, and stepwise regression. The results revealed that Group 1 shows a high prevalence, except for hepatitis and diarrhea. Group 2 demonstrates a moderate prevalence, excluding hepatitis and diarrhea, while Group 3 has a low prevalence. Improved access to primary healthcare services reduced the prevalence of pneumonia and TB, while using insecticide-treated mosquito nets for less than three years increased the prevalence of ARI and pneumonia. Adequate bedroom lighting reduced the prevalence of ARI, whereas being underweight in individuals over 18 increased it. In individuals aged 16–18 with short stature, there was an increase in the prevalence of hepatitis and malaria. Regularly draining the bathtub once a week and ensuring proper bedroom ventilation reduced the incidence of diarrhea. Using improved long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) for mosquitos led to a decrease in filariasis cases. Specific factors influence each communicable disease and necessitate a multisectoral approach for effective treatment.

The Cultural Remittance and Hybridization of Confucian Practices: Placemaking of Vietnamese Migrants Working in Thailand

Le Van Ton — 2024-06-14

The impact of remittances on development extends beyond economic growth for families and communities. This paper explores the cultural practices of Vietnamese migrants working in Thailand through a multi-sited ethnographic research methodology done in two countries – Thailand and Vietnam, including accompanying Vietnamese workers to Thailand. Specifically, it focuses on the influence of Confucian practices of cultural remittance and hybridization on placemaking within the migrant community in Vietnam. The study highlights the profound impact of remittances on development and the positive transformations they bring to the migrants' place of origin. It examines how Confucian practices shape the identities of the places of origin and Vietnamese migrants employed in Thailand. The authors argue that migrants involved in the informal economy have the annual opportunity to return home and contribute to the economy and culture of their homeland. For three decades, this process of transculturality has occurred as cultural remittances gradually hybridized with the local culture, enabling individuals to construct new identities and actively participate in placemaking. Consequently, the meaning of place of origin changes significantly from a negative place to a prominent, modern, and civilized community. This shift broadens the definition of what it means to be ‘good people,’ firmly rooted in the ideals of Confucianism.

Community Care Strategies for Older Adults Facing Hardships: Insights from Central Thailand

Bualun Hinkaew — 2024-06-06

The focus of the study is to analyze the community care approach for older adults facing hardships in the social and cultural context of the central region of Thailand. To obtain insightful information, a qualitative research study was performed using observation methods, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, secondary data, and field notes. A group of 85 key informants consisting of local administrative organizations (LAO), public sector officers from health service units, community leaders, civil groups, older adults facing hardships, and family caregivers participated in the study. There are nine approaches employed in the community care practices for older adults facing hardships as follows: 1) providing social welfare; 2) preparing and using information; 3) developing a service system; 4) developing potential in caring for older adults; 5) adjusting the environment to ensure its contribution to the living conditions; 6) rules, regulations, agreements, and policies; 7) creating job opportunities; 8) building food security; and 9) building and strengthening community networks. Understanding in-depth information regarding the nature of older adults, community strategies, and community involvement assists nurses in health management and increasing skills and knowledge on providing care for older adults.

Trend and Factors Associated With Unintended Pregnancy Among Currently Married Women in Nepal

Rita Devi Karki — 2024-06-06

Unintended pregnancy, a critical concern in both human rights and public health, emphasizes women’s fundamental right to make decisions about their fertility, which is vital for their reproductive choices. The study aimed at examining the trends and factors related to unintended pregnancy, an area that has received less focus in previous research. This study analyzed 15 years of data (2001–2016) from four national surveys in Nepal, focusing on currently married women aged 15–49 who were currently pregnant or had the last birth experienced within five years before the survey. The sample included 4,694, 4,006, 4,104, and 3,966 females from the 2001, 2006, 2011, and 2016 surveys respectively. This study used bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis to examine unintended pregnancy. In 2001, 39.4% of women experienced an unintended pregnancy, but over 15 years, this rate decreased by almost half, reaching 19.9% in 2016. Age, number of household members, wealth index, age at first birth, children ever born, fertility preference, unmet need for family planning, and husband’s desire for children were significantly associated with unintended pregnancy in all the survey years. The results suggest a need for policies that ensure all pregnancies are intended, promoting reproductive rights and justice for women.

Drivers of Food Waste Reduction Intention Among Indonesian Young Generation

Mario Damanik — 2024-06-06

Solid waste management presents a significant challenge in Indonesia, with food waste accounting for 40.8% of all solid waste generated. The young generation is the largest producer of food waste compared to adults. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reports that consumer behavior is the main factor causing food waste in middle-income countries. Considering that the younger generation occupies 24.34% of Indonesia's population, this study aimed to analyze the determinants of food waste reduction intention among the young generation in Indonesia. The Extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) with four new introductory variables was used as a theoretical framework to understand the intentions of the young generation in Indonesia regarding food waste reduction. Data was collected from the young generation spread across Indonesia through an online survey using questionnaires, which resulted in 340 respondents. Data were then analyzed using descriptive analysis and partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to test the conceptual model and hypotheses proposed. The results showed that perceived behavioral control (PBC), food consumption, level of religious knowledge, and level of knowledge significantly influence food waste reduction intention. Religious knowledge was the most influential predictor. This is in line with the nature of the Indonesian community, which is highly religious, and religion profoundly guides daily lives. Based on the results, this study recommended three practical implications for reducing food waste and is expected to contribute to ensuring food security and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.