Journal of Buddhist Psychology

The Movement of Pencak Silat Athletes

2025-06-14T23:21:44+07:00

Pencak Silat is a martial art rooted in the lifestyle and culture of the Isalamic people. It integrates smooth yet powerful, fast, and precise body movements through fundamental techniques such as stance, walking, punching, kicking, and takedown manoeuvres, combined harmoniously with graceful dance-like movements, which are a distinctive feature of this sport. The diversity of movement patterns applied in combat requires athletes to possess the ability to control their body movements while maintaining balance, allowing them to perform accurate and efficient movements and minimizing the risk of injury that may result from the opponent's impact or the athlete's own force exerted during combat. This involves controlling and maintaining the body's center of mass (COM) within the base of support (BOS) during standing or dynamic movements. Therefore, studying kinematic and kinetic variables related to body movement while performing combat skills is essential for coaches, athletes, sports scientists, and relevant professionals to assess athletes' technical capabilities. The findings can then be applied to the design of training programs that enhance combat performance and maximize athletic potential.

Leveraging Positive Psychological Capital to Enhance Workplace Happiness

2024-11-11T21:00:32+07:00

This academic article aims to explore the concept of Positive Psychological Capital to promote happiness in the workplace. Positive psychology, a scientific approach to understanding human strengths and potential, serves as the foundation for this discussion. By fostering and enhancing the quality of work life, individuals can achieve greater efficiency and fulfilment, leading to a deeper awareness of their value to their roles and the organization. This awareness, in turn, strengthens the emotional connection between employees and their workplace. Additionally, organizational management plays a critical role in supporting personnel

by cultivating their knowledge and skills, as well as understanding their thoughts and needs. This approach, rooted in Positive Psychological Capital, focuses on the intrinsic qualities that employees bring to their work.

Personnel Management: Concepts and Strategies for Building Effective Teams

2025-10-15T12:34:33+07:00

Personnel management plays an important role in building effective teams and supporting organizational success. By using the right strategies to create and maintain a team that is capable and ready to work together. Developing and promoting people is an important part of building collaboration and trust in an organization. The organization must develop personnel to be able to respond to the needs of the organization's policy. To create an efficient team and support the success of the organization Personnel management plays a very important role. There are several steps and strategies that can be used to make teams work together effectively, including building teams with competence, efficiency, and developing skills and knowledge. Creating an environment that stimulates learning Promoting collaboration and trust Personnel management and support Caring for team members Creating the right organizational culture Organizations can develop personnel to be able to appropriately respond to organizational needs and policies. This will help build an efficient team and support the success of the organization with sustainable efficiency.

A Model for Developing the Counselling Skills of Elderly Monks in Buddhist Psychology

2025-12-18T10:06:05+07:00

The objectives of this research were 1) To develop a model for enhancing the counseling capabilities of elderly monks in Buddhist psychotherapy. 2)To experiment with the model for enhancing the counseling capabilities of elderly monks in Buddhist psychotherapy, using quasi-experimental research design, specifically the One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The experiment utilized a single experimental group with 12 participants. The research involved pre-test and post-test measurements using the same assessment tools. The findings revealed that 1) The developed model for enhancing the counseling capabilities of elderly monks in Buddhist psychotherapy received an overall evaluation score of 4.26, indicating a significantly appropriate level. Six activities were conducted as follows (1) Open-minded learning towards smart Thai monks.
(2) Fundamentals of Buddhist counseling. (3) Practicing Buddhist counseling. (4) Integrating Dharma to alleviate suffering. (5) Field practice of Buddhist counseling. (6) Reflection on Dharma in counseling. 2) The average pre-test score of knowledge and understanding of Buddhist counseling was 5.25, which increased to 7.58 in the post-test. The comparison between the two scores showed a statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level. The skills of deep listening, positive questioning, and dialogue remained continuous strengths among the monks, which could serve as effective tools in their counseling roles.

A Comparative Study of Phonological Pwo Karen Dialect and English Language

2025-12-22T09:23:45+07:00

This study aims to examine and compare the phonological systems of Pwo Karen and English, with particular attention to their similarities and differences at both segmental and suprasegmental levels. Employing a qualitative and documentary research design, primary data were collected from native speakers of Pwo Karen in Taung Kalay Village, Kayin State, Myanmar, through interviews and systematic phonological elicitation using prepared word lists. Secondary data were drawn from established linguistic studies on Karenic languages and English phonology.

The analysis focuses on phoneme inventories, syllable structures, and phonological processes, as well as suprasegmental features such as tone, stress, and intonation. Isolated lexical items, predominantly monosyllabic forms, were analyzed to examine phonemic contrasts and syllable patterns, while polysyllabic forms were used to investigate syllable types and phonological words. Phrasal and sentential data were analyzed to account for intonational patterns.

The findings reveal that while Pwo Karen and English share certain basic segmental features, they differ fundamentally in their phonological organization. Pwo Karen is characterized as a tonal language with phonemic vowel length and relatively simple syllable structures, whereas English is a stress-timed language with complex consonant clusters, vowel reduction, and stress-based intonation. These contrasts reflect broader typological differences between tonal and stress-based languages. The study contributes to comparative phonology and Karenic linguistic research and provides insights relevant to cross-linguistic analysis and pronunciation pedagogy.

English Listening and Speaking Problems Among Shan Students at Mahapajapati Buddhist College Based On Linguistic Approach

2025-10-15T09:54:05+07:00

This article aimed to 1) identify English listening and speaking problems among Shan students at Mahapajapati Buddhist College based on linguistic approach. 2) analyze English listening and speaking problems among Shan students at Mahapajapati Buddhist College based on linguistic approach. 3) find ways to solve the problems for improving English listening and speaking among Shan students at Mahapajapati Buddhist College based on linguistic approach. The study used a mixed-methods approach, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative research. The sample population consists of 37 fourth-year Shan students enrolled in the English program at Mahapajapati Buddhist College, located in Pak Thong Chai District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province. Quantitative data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean (), and standard deviation (SD). Qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis.

The findings showed that most respondents were between 22–24 years old (41.6%), followed by 19–21 years old (40%) and those 25 and above (18.4%). Regarding English learning experience, the largest group had studied for 2–5 years (42.3%), followed by those with 5–7 years (31.4%), and over 8 years (28.6%). As for English usage, 42.9% spoke English daily, 28.8% practiced three times per week, and 28.3% only once per week.

The Development of Training Program to Promote Competence of Classroom Action Research for Students in the Faculty of Education Prince of Songkla University Pattani Campus

2025-10-06T13:09:46+07:00

The purposes of this research were: (1) to study investigate and need for develop of Training Program to Promote Competence of Classroom Action Research for Students in the Faculty of Education Prince of Songkla University Pattani Campus, (2) to develop of Training Program to Promote Competence of Classroom Action Research, The sample group was Faculty of Education students studying in their 4th year in the 2nd semester of the academic year 2022, totaling 107 , 2 Curriculum Specialists, 3 Educational Research Specialists. The research tools used were Questionnaire on student conditions and needs in Training Program to Promote Competence of Classroom Action Research, Interview form Training Program, Suitability assessment of Training Program Draft,. The data were analyzed by using mean, standard deviation and content Analysis

The research results indicated that:

1) Students have a high level of knowledge and understanding of classroom research overall 2) Students have needs regarding the promotion of action research capabilities in the classroom of students in the Faculty of Education, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus, in general at a high level. and 3) Training Program to Promote Competence of Classroom Action Research for Students in the Faculty of Education Prince of Songkla University Pattani Campus has the following components 1) Aim 2) Objective 3) Principle 4) Structure) 5) Content 6) Training of activities 7) Instruction media) 8) Evaluation and Overall suitability is at the highest level

An Effect of Happiness Promotion Program Based on Buddhist Psychology of Thai Traditional Medical Personnel

2024-06-24T20:38:16+07:00

This quasi-experimental research has the objectives to study 1) to study the concept of the theory of promoting happiness according to Buddhist psychology of Thai traditional medical personnel, 2) to develop a program to promote happiness according to Buddhist psychology of Thai traditional medical personnel, and 3.) to study the results of the happiness promotion program according to Buddhist psychology of Thai traditional medical personnel. By conducting in-depth interviews with 7 experts/person, data were analysed using content analysis. To create a program to promote happiness according to Buddhist psychology. and tested the program with 24 Thai traditional medical personnel, divided into an experimental group and a control group, 12 people per group. The experimental group received treatment with the program developed by the researcher. It took 16 hours to measure personnel happiness. Thai traditional medicine in the pre-experiment, post-experiment, and 4-week follow-up periods with a happiness measure developed by the researcher. Has a confidence value of 0.928. Data were analysed using One-way ANOVA and Repeated measures analysis of variance. The research findings were summarized as follows:

The theoretical concept of promoting happiness based on Buddhist psychology among Thai traditional medicine practitioners integrates the Four Iddhipada (Path of Accomplishment) with positive psychological capital. This integration forms the foundation for five domains of happiness arising from professional practice: happiness from faith and devotion to the profession, happiness derived from patients’ well-being, happiness generated from performing good deeds and merit, happiness cultivated through meditative concentration, and happiness emerging from wisdom and the realization of truth.
The development of the Buddhist psychology–based happiness enhancement program for Thai traditional medicine practitioners comprised a four-step counseling process: the initial stage, activity implementation stage, analytic stage, and conclusion stage, incorporating ten structured activities.
The results revealed that the mean scores of happiness during the intervention, post-intervention, and follow-up periods were significantly higher than the pre-intervention scores at the .05 level of statistical significance.

The new body of knowledge emerging from this study is the Bodhisattva’s Heart Model, which identifies three core spiritual attributes of an ideal Thai traditional medicine practitioner: possessing a compassionate heart, having insight into suffering, and cultivating wisdom for the benefit of all sentient beings.

The Narrative Online Counselling Theory to Reduce Emotional Cutoff of Adolescents from Divorced Family

2025-12-19T09:12:52+07:00

This study aimed to examine the effects of online counselling based on narrative theory on reducing emotional cutoff in adolescents from divorced families. The participants were 16 adolescents aged 16 - 18 years who lived in families where the parents had divorced, and who scored 84 or above on the emotional cutoff scale. All participants met the inclusion criteria and voluntarily agreed to participate in the study. They were assigned into two groups using a matched-pair design: the experimental group (n = 8) and the control group (n = 8). The research instruments included the Emotional Cutoff Scale and an online narrative counseling program consisting of six sessions. The experimental procedure was conducted in three phases: pre-test, post-test, and follow-up (three weeks after the post-test). Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA with one between-subjects factor and one within-subjects factor. When a statistically significant difference at the .05 level was found, pairwise comparisons were conducted using the Bonferroni method.

The results showed that the experimental group had significantly lower scores on emotional cutoff at both the post-test and follow-up compared to the pre-test, and also significantly lower than the control group at the .05 level.

The Enhancement of Family Relationships Among Juvenile Delinquents Through Online Narrative Family Theory

2025-12-19T09:06:40+07:00

The objective of this quasi-experimental research was to examine the effectiveness of a family relationship enhancement program utilizing online narrative family therapy for families of juvenile offenders. The participants comprised 20 single-parent families (40 individuals), consisting of single fathers or mothers and their children aged 15–18 years who had committed offenses. Selected based on specific inclusion criteria, the families were assigned via a matched-pair technique into two groups: an experimental group (10 families) and a control group (10 families). The research instruments included a Family Relationship Assessment Scale and an online family counseling program based on narrative therapy, conducted over eight sessions, each lasting
45 - 60 minutes. The study was implemented in three phases: pre-test, post-test, and follow-up (two weeks after the intervention). Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA with one between-subjects factor and one within-subjects factor, with Bonferroni post hoc comparisons applied at the 0.05 significance level.

The results indicated that the experimental group showed significantly higher family relationship scores at the post-test and follow-up phases compared to the pre-test phase
(p < 0.05). Additionally, the experimental group had significantly higher scores than the control group at both the post-test and follow-up phases (p < 0.05).

In conclusion, the application of online narrative therapy enabled members of single-parent families to reframe their perspectives, reduce conflicts, and co-construct positive relationship narratives, despite contextual constraints. This approach serves as an effective alternative intervention for psychologists and relevant agencies to restore family relationships among at-risk groups, offering greater convenience, efficiency, and accessibility.

The Decision to Seek Psychological Counseling: Male Clients’ Experiences and Perspectives

2025-12-19T09:03:06+07:00

This study employed a qualitative research design using Reflexive Thematic Analysis (RTA) to explore the decision-making process of men in seeking psychological counseling services, as well as to identify factors that facilitate or hinder their access to such services. The participants consisted of six male individuals purposefully selected based on defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions, guided by pre-constructed interview outlines, with probing questions used to elicit deeper responses. The group discussions were framed around key topics designed to explore the participants’ experiences and perspectives.

The research findings revealed that the decision-making process of men in seeking psychological counseling, as well as the facilitating and hindering factors, can be understood through four core themes: 1) Awareness of psychological problems, 2) Internal conflicts between masculine roles and problem management, 3) (Non-)Disclosure and openness to psychological counseling, and 4) Experiences and personal transformation following counseling. Additionally, the study identified several key facilitating factors: 1) Internal motivation influencing the decision to seek counseling, 2) Attitudes and understanding toward psychological counseling, 3) Support or reactions from close individuals, and 4) Ease of access to counseling services. Conversely, the main barriers that impeded men's engagement in psychological counseling included: 1) Personal resource limitations, 2) Social norms and masculine ideals emphasizing emotional strength and self-reliance, and 3) Misconceptions about the nature and purpose of psychological counseling. The findings offer practical implications for developing psychological counseling services that are more responsive to the needs and contexts of male clients.

Innovative Leadership Affecting School Administration in The Bani World Era Under the Kanchanaburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 3

2025-12-19T09:15:41+07:00

This research aimed to: 1) study the innovative leadership of school administrators; 2) examine the administration of schools in the BANI World era and 3) analyze the innovative leadership of school administrators that influences school administration in the BANI World era. The sample group consisted of 285 government teachers under the Kanchanaburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 3 derived by using proportional stratified random sampling as distributed by districts. The research instrument was a questionnaire. The statistics used for data analysis included frequency percentage mean standard deviation and stepwise multiple regression analysis.

The findings revealed that: 1) The overall level of innovative leadership among school administrators was high. When considering each aspect, all were at a high level. The highest was team building, followed by managing innovation team developing skills creating a climate for innovation recruiting for innovation finding and working with supporters and rewarding innovation respectively 2) The overall level of school administration in the BANI World era was high. When considering each aspect, all were at a high level. The most prominent was nonlinearity situation followed by anxious situation, incomprehensibility situation and brittle situation respectively
3) Aspects of innovative leadership that significantly influenced school administration in the BANI World era included rewarding innovation (X₅), managing innovation teams (X₄), developing skills (X6), and recruiting for innovation (X₁). These factors could jointly predict school administration in the BANI World era (Y_tot) at 83.90% with statistical significance at the .01 level. The regression equation was: _tot = 0.41 + 0.29 (X₅) + 0.22 (X₄) + 0.24 (X₆) + 0.13 (X₁)

Guidelines for Improving English Writing Skills of Grade 10 Students at San Eik Government High School in Wakema Town of Myanmar

2025-10-06T14:51:13+07:00

This study aimed to (1) investigate English writing problems of Grade 10 students and (2) propose practical instructional guidelines for improving their English writing skills. The study employed a mixed-methods research design, integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches. The population consisted of Grade 10 students at a government high school in Wakema Town, Myanmar, and a sample of 60 students was selected using purposive sampling. Quantitative data were collected through a structured questionnaire, while qualitative data were obtained from teacher interviews.

The findings revealed that students experienced moderate difficulties in major components of English writing, including grammar, vocabulary, spelling, punctuation, and all stages of the writing process (planning, drafting, and revising). Among these difficulties, limited vocabulary knowledge and insufficient understanding of the writing process were identified as the most significant problems, which hindered students’ ability to produce coherent and accurate written texts.

Based on the findings, the study proposed instructional guidelines aligned with the research objectives. These guidelines emphasized systematic grammar instruction, vocabulary development, focused practice on spelling and punctuation, explicit teaching of the writing process, and increased opportunities for guided writing practice with constructive feedback.
The study concluded that the proposed guidelines could effectively enhance students’ English writing performance and support improved writing instruction in similar secondary school contexts.

An Analysis of Pronunciation Problems of Bachelor of Arts First-Year Students at the Faculty of Education in Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University

2025-10-15T09:53:36+07:00

The objectives of this Article aimed were 1) To study the pronunciation problems of
B.A. first-year students at the Faculty of Education in Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University,
2) To find out the solutions to the pronunciation problems of B.A. first-year students at the Faculty of Education in Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University. The research methodology consists of research design which is a mixed method; namely qualitative and quantitative study. The research tools are questionnaires and in-depth interviews. For the population, there are 126 students from the Faculty of Education, Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University. The SPSS was used for data analysis. The study found that students were most self-conscious about mispronouncing words in front of others, with the highest score of 4.84. They strongly agreed that interacting with native speakers could improve their pronunciation skills (4.73). While students valued good pronunciation for effective communication (4.62), they often found pronunciation lessons boring (4.06). Confidence in accurate pronunciation received the lowest score (3.91), suggesting a need for activities to boost their confidence. Future research could explore ways to enhance pronunciation teaching. This includes studying the long-term effectiveness of techniques like IPA-based learning or computer-assisted instruction. Additionally, it could examine how cultural factors affect students’ pronunciation difficulties and their motivation to improve. These areas of research could help address the challenges identified in the study and provide more effective strategies for improving students’ pronunciation skills.

An Effective Use of Second Language to Reduce the Anxiety of The First Year Students at State Pariyatti Sasana University in Mandalay of Myanmar

2025-10-06T14:54:08+07:00

This study aimed to investigate second language learning experiences among first-year students at State Pariyatti Sasana University in Mandalay, Myanmar, examine the role of second language learning in reducing students’ anxiety, and explore effective ways of using a second language to alleviate anxiety. A mixed-methods research design was employed, integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches. The quantitative data were collected through questionnaires administered to 50 first-year students, while qualitative data were obtained from in-depth interviews with five university teachers. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis.

The findings revealed that students experienced a moderate level of foreign language anxiety, particularly related to communication apprehension, fear of negative evaluation, and test anxiety. Students suggested that anxiety could be reduced through the creation of a supportive classroom environment, the use of pair and group work, interactive activities such as games and role-playing, and flexible learning opportunities that allow students to learn at their own pace. The study concludes that effective use of a second language in a low-stress, learner-centered environment can significantly reduce students’ anxiety and enhance their confidence in language learning.

Network building of Guidance Process Buddhist for Educational Personnel in Thailand

2025-12-22T09:25:59+07:00

The objectives of this study were: (1) to investigate areas for building a Buddhist guidance process network, (2) to construct a Buddhist guidance process network, and (3) to propose a network model and operational guidelines for Buddhist guidance processes for educational personnel in Thailand. This study employed a qualitative research approach combined with action research. The key informants consisted of guidance teachers, teachers responsible for guidance activities, and undergraduate students in Buddhist education and guidance psychology programs, totalling 18 participants. Research instruments included interviews, focus group discussions, network-building activity packages, and satisfaction questionnaires. Qualitative data were analysed using content analysis, while quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation.

The findings revealed that: (1) the areas for building a Buddhist guidance process network were aligned with the Basic Education Core Curriculum B.E. 2551 (2008), covering educational, career, and personal–social guidance as well as the five guidance services; (2) the construction of the Buddhist guidance process network comprised three stages leadership development, awareness building, and network membership expansion with participation from five schools and a central coordinating unit. Post-activity evaluation showed that participants’ knowledge, understanding, and satisfaction increased after the program (= 4.24, S.D. = 0.46); and (3) the proposed operational guidelines for the Buddhist guidance process network consisted of ten systematic steps that can be effectively applied to enhance guidance practices in educational institutions.

Development of the Positive Discipline Parenting Skill on Parents With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Children Through Online Solution-Focused Brief Therapy

2025-12-19T09:18:53+07:00

Objective This study aimed to examine the effects of online solution-focused brief family therapy (SFBFT) on the development of positive discipline skills among parents raising children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Methods The participants were 12 families (24 parents) who met the inclusion criteria and had children diagnosed with ADHD. They were divided into an experimental group and a control group, with 6 families (12 parents) in each. The instruments used included a Positive Discipline Skills Scale and an online SFBFT program consisting of 7 sessions, conducted twice a week for 60 minutes each. The intervention was structured in three phases: pre-test, post-test, and follow-up (4 weeks). Data was analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. Results The findings revealed that parents in the experimental group demonstrated significantly higher levels of positive discipline skills at both the post-test and follow-up phases compared to the pre-test phase, with statistical significance at the .05 level. Moreover, their scores were significantly higher than those in the control group. Conclusion Online solution-focused brief family therapy is an effective approach to enhancing positive parenting behaviors among parents of children with ADHD.

Servant Leadership of School Administrators Effecting Educational Change Management in Digital Era Under the Secondary Education Service Area Office Nakhon Pathom

2025-12-19T09:22:23+07:00

This research aimed to: 1) Overall and in specific aspects, the servant leadership of school administrators. 2)study the level of educational change management in the digital era. and
3) analyze servant leadership of school administrators affecting educational change management in digital era. The sample group consisted of 317 government teachers under the Secondary Educational Service Area Office in Nakhon Pathom, derived by using proportional stratified random sampling as distributed by school size. The research instrument was a questionnaire.
The statistics used for data analysis included frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and stepwise multiple regression analysis.

The findings revealed that: 1) This research results were as follows: overall and specific aspect, the level of servant leadership of school administrators was generally high. When considering each aspect, all were rated at a high level. The aspect with the highest mean score was promotion of intelligence, followed by foresight, guidance, development of colleagues, self-awareness, listening to others and equality respectively. 2) Overall and in specific aspects, the level of educational change management in the digital era. was generally high. When considering each aspect, all were rated at a high level. These aspects assessing success, monitoring progress, assessing the current situation, implementing strategies, and defining strategies respectively.
3) The servant leadership of school administrators effecting education change management in digital era included guidance (X₅) foresight (X₇) self-awareness (X₁) and development of colleagues (X₄) together predicted the educational change management in digital era (Y_tot) at a statistically significant level of .05, accounting for 57.80% of the variance. The regression equation was:
_tot = 1.00 + 0.36 (X₅) + 0.33 (X₇) + 0.21 (X₁) +0.16 (X₄)

Development of a Curriculum to Enhance Learning Management Competencies Using Artificial intelligence (AI) for Graduate Students

2025-10-06T13:06:35+07:00

This research is research and development aims to 1)Develop and evaluate the effectiveness of the curriculum to enhance learning management competency using artificial intelligence AI 2) Evaluate the effectiveness of the curriculum to enhance learning management competency using artificial intelligence AI. with a sample group of 60 graduate students in the academic year 2023, Graduate School, North Bankok University. The research instruments consisted of a curriculum to enhance learning management competency for graduate students, a learning management design competency assessment form, a learning management competency assessment form, and a student opinion assessment form on the curriculum. Data were analyzed using basic statistics, including percentages, means, standard deviations, and content analysis. The research results found that 1. The curriculum to enhance learning management competency using Artificial intelligence AI was developed systematically and efficiently. It focuses on integrated learning, content, and practice. The objective is for students to learn how to design learning activities and practice learning management using Artificial intelligence AI. The content is about learning management, learning activity design. The steps of curriculum development of Step 1 Survey (S), Step 2 Curriculum Analysis (A: Analysis), Step 3 Curriculum Development (D: Development), Step 3 Learning Activity Management (L: Learning Activity Management), and Step 4 Curriculum Evaluation for Reflection (ER: Evaluation for Reflection). 2 Curriculum effectiveness assessment is as follows: 2.1) The ability to design learning management is at a very good level. Students can design learning management. The components of the learning management plan are consistent. It follows the integrated learning approach, content and practice, and learning can be achieved according to the objectives. 2.2) The ability to manage learning is at a very good level. Students can design learning management that is accurate, clear, and appropriate for the level of adult learners. The atmosphere is conducive to learning and practice, and learning activities that emphasize integrated content and practice are organized.