Journal of MCU Nakhondhat

FURTHER RESEARCH INTO THE RELATION BETWEEN SQUARE-BASED STYLE STUPA IN LAN XANG ART AND LANNA ART

Manawat Promrat — Tue, 18 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This article aims to further the knowledge and analysis of the square-based stupa style in Lan Xang art, focusing on Phra That Si Song Rak and Phra That Laung in Vientiane as key prototypes. Its objectives are: to conduct an art-historical comparison between the square-based style of Lan Xang's stupa and Lanna art, which has very close socio-cultural and socio-political relations with the Lan Xang kingdom since the mid-21st Buddhist century onward, and to undertake a comparative iconographic study of these Lan Xang stupas and Lanna art in relation to Buddhist artistic concepts. The study finds that the Lan Xang square-based style stupa evolved from the tiered, sloping-roof ensembles (Prasat Khong Phra Chao) of Lanna architecture, which became popular from the mid–sixteenth mid–sixteenth century onward. Especially, the sloping roof tiers with square lotus-finial columns in Lanna architecture reveal compositional principles closely aligned with Phra That Si Song Rak. Similarly, the sloping roofs topped with faceted lotus bud finials of Lanna show stylistic parallels with Phra That Luang in Vientiane. Through iconographic comparison, it has been observed that the square-based style stupa of Lan Xang shares formal similarities with the depictions of the mythical Mount Sattaboriphan and Mount Meru as represented on the mother-of-pearl inlaid Buddha's footprint at Wat Phra Singh, dating to the 21st Buddhist century. In particular, the architectural arrangement of the principal stupa and subsidiary stupas at Phrathat Luang in Vientiane closely correlates with the cosmic diagram depicted on the Buddha's footprint. This suggests that the square-based style stupa of Lan Xang shares the same significant iconographic meaning with stupas in other Buddhist artistic traditions, as the axis mundi or the center of the universe.

DevelopmeTHE APPLICATION OF AUGMENTED REALITY TECHNOLOGY TO SUPPORT LEARNING FOR STUDENTS WITH HEARING IMPAIRMENTSnt of Augmented Reality Technology to Support Science Learning for Children with Hearing Impairments

Sun, 30 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The application of augmented reality (AR) technology to develop instructional media for learners with hearing impairments focuses on designing materials that integrate images, videos, captions, and sign language to enhance accessibility and diversify learning formats. Deaf learners often experience difficulties accessing information from traditional instructional media, which typically lack interactivity and consequently slow down the learning process. The use of supplementary programs and media, such as AR books and three-dimensional models linked to the lessons, helps reduce communication barriers and creates learning experiences that facilitate understanding and provide opportunities for learning on an equal footing with hearing peers. The learning process is further supported by Playful Learning Innovation, which emphasizes play-based and participatory learning, constructivist principles, whereby learners actively construct knowledge through direct experience, multimedia learning, which integrates images, text, and video; as well as experiential learning and Universal Design for Learning (UDL), which highlight diversity in the modes of representation, engagement, and expression. Moreover, the use of AR technology in learning enables students with hearing impairments to explore three-dimensional models, rotate, zoom in and out, and interact with the information engagingly. Textual descriptions and sign language can also be incorporated to further enhance comprehension for learners with hearing impairments. Integrating AR technology plays a crucial role in supporting the understanding of complex content, making abstract concepts easier for students to grasp, enhancing motivation and engagement, and improving academic achievement, particularly in science subjects, as evidenced by case study findings. And can learn at a level comparable to hearing students, reflecting the potential of augmented reality technology to help reduce educational inequities.

OBESITY MANAGEMENT IN ADULTS: APPLICATION OF HEALTH BEHAVIOR APPROACHES

Yasamon Latainin — Sun, 30 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Adult obesity is an important public health problem that is continuously increasing, with long-term impacts on physical health, mental health, and healthcare costs. Effective obesity management requires an integrated approach that encompasses biological, behavioral, and technological dimensions. This article presents the application of four major conceptual frameworks: 1) The Health Belief Model (HBM), which strengthens motivation through perceived severity, susceptibility, benefits, barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy; 2) The concept of intermittent fasting, which aligns with mechanisms such as ketosis, autophagy, and circadian rhythm, helping to reduce weight and regulate metabolic balance; 3) The plant-based diet approach, which emphasizes plant-derived foods and classifies them using a traffic-light system for practical daily application, and can be linked to meal planning for energy control; and 4) The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), which explains the use of health applications, wearable devices, and online consultation systems to support behavioral monitoring and enhance continuity in health care. The integration of these four frameworks provides a flexible approach to obesity management that is appropriate for the context of Thai adults and can lead to sustainable health behavior change. In addition, it highlights the importance of connecting scientific knowledge with practical implementation in healthcare systems, utilizing digital technology to support behavioral modification, and creating psychological motivation consistent with the lifestyle of the working-age population. Such approaches not only reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases but also have the potential to lower healthcare costs and improve the quality of life of the population in the long term.

DEVELOPING INTEGRATED APPROACHES FOR LOCAL EDUCATION ENHANCEMENT TOWARD COMMUNITY-BASED SUSTAINABILITY

Phuwadon Chomchuaytanee, Kajohnsak Sirimai, Thanong Thongphubate — Sun, 30 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The development of local education in contemporary Thai society necessitates the integration of knowledge from multiple disciplines, as well as collaboration among all community sectors, to promote quality learning and achieve sustainable development. This article aims to synthesize concepts, theories, and research pertaining to local education development, and to design an integrated approach aligned with the Local Education Development Plan (2023 - 2027) and the 13th National Economic and Social Development Plan. The focus is placed on enhancing learner quality, establishing educational collaborative networks, and promoting meaningful community engagement in driving educational development. The article utilizes documentary analysis, synthesis, and comparative examination of national and local policies to construct an integrated development framework encompassing four dimensions: 1) School-based educational management, 2) Enhancement of learners' academic quality, 3) Promotion of desirable characteristics, and 4) Development of educational networks. Furthermore, this article proposes a four-stage integration process comprising planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation to ensure systematic and transparent implementation. The synthesis reveals that integrating knowledge with community contexts strengthens educational capacity, expands learning opportunities, and generates momentum toward long-term sustainability. This article therefore proposes policy guidelines to serve as a framework for local education development and to produce outcomes that effectively respond to community development needs. This article reflects that local education not only improves learners' quality but also strengthens communities, leading to stable and sustainable local development.

A MODEL FOR DEVELOPING PARTICIPATORY SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION TO DEVELOP THE QUALITY OF EDUCATION AT BANGPHANENG SCHOOL

Kanittha Maijandee — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research aimed to: 1) Examine the existing problems in the administration of internal supervision; 2) Develop a model for enhancing internal supervision administration; 3) Assess the appropriateness and feasibility of the developed model; 4) Implement the developed model in practice; and 5) Study the satisfaction with using the developed model. The study population was divided into two groups. For quantitative research, the first group comprised 85 participants, including seven teachers, 71 parents, and seven basic education school board members. For qualitative research, the second group consisted of 7 school administrators and seven educational experts. Data collection instruments included questionnaires and in-depth interviews, with item-objective congruence (IOC) values ranging from 0.80 to 1.00. Data analysis involved content analysis and statistical methods, including mean and standard deviation. The research findings were as follows: 1) Analyzing problems in proactive internal supervision administration revealed high overall issues ( = 4.36, = 0.31); 2) The developed model comprised five components: introduction, quality management, internal supervision and administration, success factors, and model implementation; 3) The evaluation of the model's appropriateness and feasibility indicated that all five components were appropriate and feasible, with IOC values ranging from 0.80 to 1.00, 4) School administrators' opinions regarding the trial implementation of the model indicated a high level of agreement ( = 4.43, = 0.29). and 5) Overall satisfaction with using the model was high, with an average score of ( = 4.39, = 0.36).

DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED COMMUNITY SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT MODEL BASED ON THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY CONCEPT KHON KAEN PROVINCIAL LOCAL ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION

Piyanuch Punchaban — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research article aims to: 1) Study the current issues and approaches to municipal solid waste management in communities; 2) Develop an integrated model of municipal solid waste management based on the circular economy concept; and 3) Evaluate the appropriateness and feasibility of the developed model. A mixed-methods research design was employed, combining both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Key informants included: 1) Six representatives from government agencies involved in waste management in Khon Kaen Province; and 2) Six representatives from case study organizations that have successfully implemented waste management practices. Data were collected through in-depth interviews. The research findings revealed that: 1) Municipal solid waste management in Khon Kaen Municipality still lacks continuous public participation. Additionally, the Office of the Provincial Administration Promotion in Khon Kaen Province lacks a clear management system, sufficient budget, personnel, and integration of circular economy principles into waste management processes; 2) The integrated municipal solid waste management model based on the Circular Economy concept emphasizes the 4Rs-Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and Recovery-along with collaborative participation from the public, government, and private sectors. The model comprises principles, objectives, operational content, development processes, and evaluation criteria; and 3) A pilot implementation of the developed model was conducted, and data were collected using questionnaires and focus group interviews to assess its appropriateness, feasibility, and impact. The results showed that the model's appropriateness was rated at the highest level ( = 4.55, S.D. = 0.60), and its overall feasibility was also evaluated at the highest level ( = 4.78, S.D. = 0.44).

MECHANISMS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PEACEFUL COMMUNITY ACCORDING TO THE THAI BUDDHIST-MUSLIM: A CASE STUDY OF PUED-UDOM SUB-DISTRICT COMMUNITY, LAMLUKKA DISTRICT, PATHUM THANI PROVINCE

Tanawut Wongananda, Darunsak Tatiyalapa, Natthaphon Sitthiphram — Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The research of mechanisms for development of peaceful community according to the Thai Buddhist-Muslim community, Pued-udom Sub-district, Lamlukka District, Pathum Thani Province. This research aimed to: 1) Review and analyze Thai Buddhist–Muslim community, Pued-udom Sub-district, Lamlukka District, Pathum Thani Province, 2) Develop mechanisms for fostering peaceful coexistence in accordance with Thai Buddhist–Muslim ways, and 3) Extract lessons learned from the mechanisms of peaceful community in Pued-Udom Sub-district, Lamlukka District, Pathum Thani Province. Research data collection methods included documentary analysis, group interviews, focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, and public forums for lesson extraction. The research participants included 1) 10 Community leaders, 2) 10 Thai Buddhist–Muslim residents, 3) 15 older adults, and 4) 10 Network partners within and outside the subdistrict. The findings revealed that the community successfully established mechanisms for conflict resolution that led to sustainable peace. This was accomplished through the Community Peace Committee, which operated under the Charter on Conflict Management of Pued-udom Sub-district, thereby promoting peaceful coexistence in line with Thai Buddhist and Muslim ways. Lessons learned from conflict management in this peaceful Thai Buddhist-Muslim community are drawn from 6 case studies: 1) Land disputes, 2) Interpersonal conflicts and altercations, 3) Industrial wastewater discharge issues, () Drug-related problems, 5) Water scarcity affecting consumption and agriculture, including competition between factories and farmers, and 6) Powerlessness of rice farmers in negotiating with capital investors.

MANAGEMENT MODEL OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS BASED ON THE PRINCIPLES OF BUDDHIST INTEGRATION FOR THE SOUTHERN GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF BUDDHIST STUDIES SCHOOLS

Wed, 12 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This study aimed to: 1) Examine the current status, expectations, and essential needs for developing the administration of Southern Thailand's general education division of Pali schools; 2) Develop a school administration model based on Buddhist integration principles; 3) Present the developed administration model; and 4) Evaluate the model. A mixed-methods research design was employed. The sample included 117 teachers and educational personnel, and 73 key informants, consisting of 9 interviewees, 5 experts, 9 seminar participants, 20 focus group participants, and 30 model evaluators. Research instruments comprised questionnaires, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and evaluation forms. Data analysis employed frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and content analysis, guided by the Four Factors of Success (Ithipatha 4). Findings revealed that: 1) The current administrative status was low ( = 2.48), expectations were very high ( = 4.54), and essential needs were high (PNI = 0.812); 2) The developed model emphasized student-centeredness, integration of Dhamma into daily life, and participatory management, with five main components: academics, personnel, budget, community relations, and general administration, centered on Ithipatha 4; 3) The model presentation to focus groups and experts was highly accepted, particularly regarding budget and personnel management; and 4) The model evaluation indicated the highest level overall, with usefulness rated highest ( = 4.82), followed by feasibility ( = 4.79) and appropriateness ( = 4.76).

SOCIAL RETURN ON INVESTMENT (SROI) EVALUATION OF CHINESE CULINARY IDENTITY FOR COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM IN NAKHON SI THAMMARAT AND TRANG PROVINCES

Niparat Nuktreepong, Sasipat Boonkwan — Tue, 18 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research aimed to 1) Study and analyze the economic, social, and cultural outcomes generated for key stakeholders through project implementation, 2) Evaluate the Social Return on Investment (SROI), and 3) Synthesize policy recommendations for promoting community economy and tourism through the utilization of cultural food capital. The sample consisted of 400 tourists who visited and used services at Chinese restaurants in the study area. A mixed-methods research design was employed, combining quantitative data collection through questionnaires with qualitative data from in-depth interviews, to comprehensively reflect both quantitative and qualitative dimensions of outcomes. The results revealed that the project generated significant economic outcomes, increasing the average income of Chinese restaurant entrepreneurs by approximately 5 percent per year and creating additional local employment opportunities. The total SROI ratio of 2.45: 1 indicated that every 1 Baht invested produced an overall social and economic value of 2.45 Baht, demonstrating cost-effectiveness and potential for sustainable community development. Social outcomes included enhanced community participation, intergenerational knowledge transfer in culinary practices, and strengthened cultural pride. Cultural outcomes included the development of identity-based packaging, food demonstration activities, the design of a cultural tourism route, and a digital application that links culinary and cultural tourism experiences. Policy recommendations emphasize the establishment of collaborative networks among government agencies, the private sector, local communities, and tourism organizations to scale up the project to other regions. Additionally, support should be provided to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in packaging design, digital marketing, and storytelling-based cultural branding to foster the long-term development of a creative economy and sustainable experiential tourism.

THE DEVELOPMENT PARTICIPATORY MANAGEMENT MODEL TO COMPETENCY USING DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY IN TEACHER’ S LEARNING MANAGEMENT FOR THE QUALITY OF STUDENTS AT FAKKWAN WITTHAYAKHOM SCHOOL, THE SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL SERVICE AREA OFFICE PHAYAO

Karntacheth Thakham — Tue, 18 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research aims to the objective of the research is : 1) Study the current and desired conditions, 2) Create and develop a model, 3) Test the model, and 4) Evaluate the management model The research and development process in 4 steps as follows: Step 1: study the current and desired conditions, participatory management approach, and learning management using digital technology from the study of the work by interview, Step 2: Create and develop the model by 7 experts, Step 3: Test the model by taking the developed model and testing it with teachers with 44 teachers, 220 students, obtained by stratified random sampling, Step 4: Evaluate the model in 5 aspects by 44 teachers. The population group includes 44 teachers, the sample consisted of 7 experts and 5 specialists, obtained through purposive sampling and 220 students in grades 1 - 6. The research instruments were interview forms, check forms, assessment forms, and questionnaires. The statistics used were percentage, mean, and standard deviation. The research results found that 1) The results of the study the current and desired conditions Including promoting learning management using technology to improve student quality and participatory management approach. 2) The results of creating and developing the model consisted of 5 components: principles, objectives, Work systems and mechanisms, processes, assessment guidelines. 3) The results of testing the model after training on teachers' knowledge and students' knowledge understanding. The test results passed the criteria of 75 percent and the results of checking the model's manual It is propriety standards at the highest level. 4) The results of model evaluation were all at the highest level and checking the model's manual at the highest level.

LEGAL PROBLEMS REGARDING THE INVESTIGATION AND DECISIONS OF THE NATIONAL ANTI CORRUPTION COMMISSION’ S GUILT

Chamnan Pariban, Boonmak Kanhasai — Tue, 18 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The objectives of this research are: 1) To study the concepts, theories, judicial precedents, legal measures, and related research concerning legal issues; 2) To examine factual and legal problems arising in connection with the inquiry and decision-making process of the National Anti-Corruption Commission (NACC) in determining the existence of prima facie disciplinary offenses; and 3) To analyze and compare the relevant laws of the Kingdom of Thailand with those of selected foreign jurisdictions. This study employs a qualitative research methodology. The researcher conducted focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with five groups of participants, namely judges, public prosecutors, officers from the NACC, government officials, scholars, and lawyers. Data obtained from the in-depth interviews were analyzed to derive research findings. The results reveal that: 1) The interpretation of the statutory time limit within which the NACC must determine the existence of a disciplinary offense-no more than three years from the commencement of the inquiry-is ambiguous and lacks clarity, leading to differing interpretations in practice. 2) There is no clear distinction, in the inquiry and decision-making process of the NACC, between acts constituting criminal offenses and those constituting violations of administrative rules, regulations, or subordinate legislation. 3) In conducting inquiries and rendering decisions on prima facie findings of guilt, the NACC has tended to apply Section 83 (principal offenders) or Section 86 (supporters) of the Criminal Code in a summary manner, implicitly treating all accused persons as principal offenders. Moreover, under Section 91(1) or (2), there remains an absence of a clear demarcation between criminal offenses and violations of administrative or regulatory provisions, particularly where the conduct in question does not result in damage to the government.

A MODEL OF RESPONSIBILITY CHARACTERISTIC STUDENT DEVELOPMENT BASED ON BUDDHISM FOR THE MORAL TEACHING MONK IN SCHOOL OF SANGHA ADMINISTRATION OF SONGKHLA PROVINCE

Tue, 18 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research aimed to: 1) Study the current state of student character development in responsibility in schools under the jurisdiction of Songkhla Province, 2) Develop a model for student character development based on the Buddhist approach, 3) Present the developed model, and 4) Evaluate the model. A mixed methods approach was employed, using quantitative methods as the primary design, supported by qualitative data. The key informants included 17 interviewees, five experts in in-depth interviews, 9 participants in expert seminars, and 35 Dhamma schoolteachers (monks) involved in model evaluation. The research instruments structured interviews, knowledge tests, satisfaction questionnaires, and model evaluation forms. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, and the SOAR framework (Strengths, Opportunities, Aspirations, and Results). The findings revealed that: 1) The current state of responsibility development was at a reasonable level. Key strengths included school policies, family and school collaboration, and the influential role of Buddhism. Opportunities for improvement included the use of technology and experiential learning activities. 2) The developed model was based on three core principles: integrating Dhamma into daily life, progressive development, and multi-stakeholder participation. The model comprised five continuous steps: awareness-building, practice, reflection, follow-up, and evaluation. 3) The model showed a statistically significant increase in participants' knowledge scores, along with a high level of satisfaction. Participants affirmed its importance and practical value in cultivating student responsibility. and 4) The model evaluation indicated high levels of suitability ( = 4.18, S.D. = 0.87), usefulness ( = 4.13, S.D. = 0.94), and feasibility ( = 4.13, S.D. = 0.94), demonstrating that the model can be effectively and sustainably applied to develop students' sense of responsibility.

COMPETENCIES RELATED TO INSTRUCTIONAL MANAGEMENT BASED ON THE COMPETENCY-BASED CURRICULUM AMONG TEACHERS IN EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY EXPANSION SCHOOLS

Tue, 18 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research employed a mixed-methods design, integrating both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The objectives were: 1) To investigate the teaching competencies based on the competency-based curriculum among teachers in schools of Educational Sandbox, 2) To assess the professional development needs of teachers in educational opportunity expansion schools regarding competency-based teaching, and 3) To propose guidelines for developing teachers' competencies in implementing the competency-based curriculum. The sample comprised 29 teachers and administrators from schools in the Educational Sandbox in Satun and Pattani Provinces, as well as 217 teachers from educational opportunity expansion schools in Songkhla Province, selected through purposive sampling. Research instruments included interview forms and questionnaires. Data were analyzed using means, standard deviations, and percentages, with results synthesized and presented descriptively. The findings revealed that: 1) The competencies of teachers in pilot schools consisted of six core competencies. The top three competencies most in need of development were curriculum management and instructional practice, learner development, and classroom management. 2) Regarding the development needs in learning management on Competency-based curriculum of teachers in opportunity expansion schools, the highest need was active learning pedagogy ( = 3.98), followed by authentic assessment ( = 3.91), and instructional design ( = 3.89). and 3) The proposed guidelines for teacher competency development in opportunity expansion schools emphasized at least four areas: 3.1) Competency-based curriculum knowledge, 3.2) Instructional design, 3.3) Assessment and evaluation, and 3.4) Innovation and technology for learning. The recommended development process should involve workshops combined with mentoring, consultation, and continuous follow-up.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ACTIVE LEARNING MANAGEMENT MODEL BASED ON A HIGH-LEVEL SYSTEMIC APPROACH TO ENHANCE LEARNING AND INNOVATION SKILLS OF LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

Apisit Treekaew, Thanatep Namponwatthanakul, Jutiporn Assawasowan — Sun, 23 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research article aimed to: 1) Examine the components of an Active Learning Management Model based on Advanced Systems Thinking to Enhance Learning and Innovation Skills for Lower Secondary School Students, 2) Develop the Active Learning Management Model, and 3) Evaluate the effectiveness of the developed Learning Management Model. The study employed a Research and Development (R&D) process. The sample comprised 31 Grade 9 students from Sichonkunathanwittaya School, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, selected through purposive sampling at the classroom level (one classroom). The research instruments included the learning management model and lesson plans developed according to the model. Data collection tools were an Academic Achievement Test, a Learning and Innovation Skills Assessment and a Satisfaction Evaluation Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using mean ( ), standard deviation (S.D.), t-test, and efficiency analysis. The research findings revealed: 1) The Learning Management Model consisted of four components: 1.1) Principles/Concepts, 1.2) Objectives, 1.3) Learning Steps/Process, and 1.4) Measurement and Evaluation. 2) The development of the Learning Management Model resulted in the 5I Model, which comprises five steps: Step 1: Ignite Thinking and Accumulate Knowledge, Step 2: Analyze and Systemize Knowledge, Step 3: Practice and Conclude, Step 4: Communicate Knowledge and Present, and Step 5: Integrate Knowledge and Evaluate for Value Creation. And The model was found to have an efficiency that met the criterion of 80/80. and 3) The evaluation of the model's effectiveness showed that the post-test academic achievement was significantly higher than the pre-test at the .05 statistical level. The overall learning and innovation skills were at the Very Good level, and the students' overall satisfaction with the model was at the Highest level.

A STUDY OF LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT ON FUN WITH RECTANGULAR PRISMS LEARNING UNIT AND MATHEMATICAL LITERACY OF GRADE 5 STUDENTS USING REALISTIC MATHEMATICS EDUCATION WITH THINK-TALK-WRITE TECHNIQUE

Sriwan Intorachit, Wasana Keeratichamroen — Sun, 23 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The purposes of this study were to 1) Compare grade 5 students’ learning achievement on fun with rectangular prisms learning unit before and after learning using Realistic Mathematics Education with Think-Talk-Write technique, 2) Compare learning achievement after learning with a criterion of 70 percent, and 3) Compare mathematical literacy before and after learning. This study was a pre-experimental research using a one-group design. The target group of 12 grade 5 students in the second academic year of 2024 at Ban Dankrongkrang school, Nakhon Ratchasima Province. The sample were selected using cluster random sampling. The research instruments comprised four lesson plans grounded in the Realistic Mathematics Education with the Think-Talk-Write technique, each with a duration of three hours, totaling twelve hours, The data collection tools consisted of a 20-item, four-option multiple-choice learning achievement test and mathematical literacy test comprising 8 multiple-choice items with four alternatives and 8 open-ended items. The data were statistically analyzed by percentage, mean, Standard Deviation and t-test. The findings of this research were as followed: 1) Learning achievement of grade 5 students after using Realistic Mathematics Education with Think-Talk-Write technique was significantly higher than before learning at the .05 level, 2) Learning achievement after the learning was not higher than 70% with statistical significance at the .05 level, 3) Mathematical literacy after the learning was significantly higher than before learning at the .05 level.

COMPONMENTS OF DEVELOPING TEACHER LEADERSHIP IN TEACHING UNDER THE VOCATIONAL EDUCATION INSTITUTION

Arkom Naknoi, Sayam Kamkhuntod, Chaiwichit Chianchana — Sun, 23 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The objectives of this research were: 1) To study the components and indicators of leadership development in teaching management among instructors under Vocational Education Institutions, and 2) To analyze and verify the construct validity of the components of leadership development in teaching management. The study employed a mixed-methods approach (Mixed Methodology) consisting of three stages: 1) Reviewing related literature, previous studies, and conducting interviews with nine experts to synthesize the preliminary indicators; 2) Conducting an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) using data obtained from 210 administrators and instructors under Vocational Education Institutions; and 3) Performing a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) using data collected from 210 department heads in vocational education institutions. The research instruments consisted of a semi-structured interview and a five-point Likert scale questionnaire. The reliability of the instruments was verified using Cronbach’s Alpha is 0.86, which was greater than 0.70, indicating a high level of reliability. The results revealed that: 1) There were 30 indicators of leadership development in teaching management among instructors under Vocational Education Institutions, with 28 of them identified as significant; 2) The EFA identified five major components: Application of Digital Technology (ADT), Promotion of Learning Management (PLM), Desirable Leadership Traits (DLT), Leadership in Communication (LIC), and Creative Thinking Skills (CSK); and 3) The CFA indicated that the data exhibited a clearly defined single latent construct, requiring a unidimensional analysis. The significant indicators within each component met the standard factor loading criteria, consisting of four indicators for ADT, four for PLM, three for DLT, two for LIC, and four for CSK.

FACTORS AFFECTING ATTITUDE TOWARDS PHYSICAL EDUCATION LEARNIN Of SECONDARY 2 STUDENT AT PATUMWAN DEMONSTRATION SCHOOL, SRINAKHARINWIROT UNIVERSITY

Pichnita Songsanu — Sun, 23 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The purposes of this research were 1) To investigate personal factors, social environmental factors, learning environmental factors, and psychological factors affecting attitudes towards physical education learning, and 2) To examine the predictive power of these factors on students’ attitudes toward learning physical education. This research is a Quantitative research. The sample group used in this research consisted of 215 Secondary 2 students at Patumwan Demonstration School, Srinakharinwirot University. Obtained through stratified random sampling. A questionnaire was employed as the research instrument. Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed that 1) Personal factors were rated at a high level overall, considering each aspect, the highest mean score was found in physical health. 2) Social environmental factors were rated at a high level overall, when examined in detail, the highest mean score was teacher support. 3) Learning environmental factors were rated at a high level overall, by specific aspects, the highest mean score was equipment and facilities. 4) Psychological factors were rated at the highest level overall, by specific aspects, the highest mean score was learning awareness. 5) Attitudes toward learning physical education were rated at a high level overall, considering each aspect, the highest mean score was the affective dimension, and 6) The hypothesis testing indicated that personal factors, social environmental factors, learning environmental factors, and psychological factors significantly affect attitudes towards physical education learning of Secondary 2 students at the 0.05 level, with a positive effect.

THE ANALYZE ELEMENTS ORGANIZING ACTIVITIES TO ENHANCE AND DEVELOP STUDENTS IN AIRCRAFT TECHNICIAN PROGRAM TO MEET INTERNATIONAL COMPETENCY STANDARDS USING CROSS-IMPACT ANALYSIS

Suriya Phadetsuk, Piya Korakotjintanakarn, Chaiwichit Chianchana — Tue, 25 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This article aimed to 1) Study the necessary needs for organizing activities to enhance and develop students in aircraft technician programs to meet international competency standards education institutions affiliated to the Office of the Vocational Education Commission, 2) To analyze elements of organizing activities to enhance and develop students in aircraft technician programs to meet international competency standards using techniques of cross-impact analysis, and free content. The target group for this study comprises administrators, department heads, and instructors, totaling 120 individuals, who were selected through purposive sampling. The research results showed that there are need for each Competency (Trainee competency: TC) TC1 level 1 Documents work performed or accomplished correctly TC2 level 1 Manages environmental stress, interruptions, distractions TC3 level 1 Assesses situations and reports deviations TC4 level 1 Answers technical questions accurately TC5 level 1 Assesses if the stakeholder safety objectives achieve the desired safety requirements TC6 level 1 Uses standard message formats and protocols for non-verbal coordination TC7 level 1 Makes decisions based on risk assessment outcome TC8 level 1 Anticipates and responds appropriately to the needs of others TC9 level 1 Prioritizes effectively TC10 level 1 Manages stress in an appropriate manner TC11 level 1 Selects appropriate method of communication. Elements organizing activities to enhance and develop students in aircraft technician program to meet international competency standards are selects appropriate method of communication, There are element that cause consequences were nine elements 1) Documents work performed or accomplished correctly 2) Assesses situations and reports deviations 3) Manages environmental stress, interruptions, distractions 4) Answers technical questions accurately 5) Makes decisions based on risk assessment outcome 6) Uses standard message formats and protocols for non-verbal coordination 7) Assesses if the stakeholder safety objectives achieve the desired safety requirements 8) Anticipates and responds appropriately to the needs of others 9) Appropriately manages stress.

EFFECTIVENESS OF SCHOOLS MANAGEMENT UNDER NONTHABURI MUNICIPALITY NONTHABURI PROVINCE

Phrakrubaidika Sarawut Ketmek, Chot Bodeerat, Sonchai Taomitr — Tue, 25 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research aimed to 1) Examine the level of management effectiveness of schools under Nonthaburi Municipality, Nonthaburi Province; 2) Identify the factors influencing the effectiveness of school management; and 3) Propose management approaches to enhance the effectiveness of schools under Nonthaburi Municipality. A mixed-methods approach was employed. The quantitative phase collected data using questionnaires from 349 personnel working in schools under the municipality. The data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and multiple linear regression analysis. The qualitative phase involved in-depth interviews with 32 key informants related to school management. The findings revealed that: 1) The overall level of school management effectiveness was high ( = 3.93); 2) Three factors-materials and resources, management administration, and personnel-significantly influenced management effectiveness at the .01 level; and 3) Four management approaches were identified to promote school effectiveness: general administration, academic administration, creating a positive school climate, and fostering a sustainable organizational culture. The study concluded that school management under Nonthaburi Municipality has achieved a high level of effectiveness through several critical factors, including competent personnel, transparent budgeting, adequate provision of materials and resources, and participatory management practices based on the PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) cycle, all of which contribute to sustainable management quality and organizational success.

A MODEL OF SUCCESS FACTORS FOR COMMUNITY INNOVATION NETWORKS TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY IN CHIANG MAI PROVINCE

Atiporn Gerdruang — Sun, 30 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research aimed to: 1) Examine the factors of innovation networks for community development, 2) Investigate the success of community innovation networks, 3) Analyze the factors influencing the success of these networks, and 4) Develop a model of success factors for sustainable community innovation networks. Quantitative research design was employed. The sample consisted of 580 respondents, including community leaders, local administrative organizations, educational institutions, and private-sector representatives in Chiang Mai Province, selected through stratified random sampling. A questionnaire was used as the main data collection tool. Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed that: 1) The key factors of innovation networks for community development consist of four major components participation, knowledge integration, resource support, monitoring and evaluation. Overall, these factors were rated at a high level, with participation being the most significant component. 2) The success of community innovation networks resulted from the collaborative efforts of multiple sectors government, private sector, education, and community members leading to substantial progress in economic, social, cultural, and environmental dimensions. 3) Multiple regression analysis indicated that all four factors had a statistically significant influence on network success at the .01 level and collectively explained 86.5% of the variance in success, with participation exerting the strongest influence. 4) The results supported the development of a model of success factors for sustainable community innovation networks, which can serve as both a policy and practical framework for enhancing participation, optimizing resource management, and improving transparency in monitoring and evaluation systems.

THE INFLUENCE OF SPORTS TEAM REPUTATION AS A MEDIATOR THAT RELATES MOTIVATION AND SOCIAL MEDIA ENGAGEMENT ON SPECTATOR LOYALTY OF THAI WOMEN' S NATIONAL VOLLEYBALL TEAM

Kritsada Panaseri, Kanoknan Suchao-In — Sun, 30 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The objectives of this research article were to study: 1) The levels of audience motivation, social media engagement, team reputation, and spectator loyalty toward the Thailand national volleyball team; 2) The influence of audience motivation and social media engagement; and 3) The role of team reputation as a mediating variable in the relationship between audience motivation and social media engagement. This study employed a mixed-methods approach. For the qualitative phase, key informants were 18 national volleyball match spectators selected through purposive sampling. For the quantitative phase, the sample consisted of 500 national volleyball match spectators selected through simple random sampling. The instruments used for data collection were questionnaires and in-depth interviews, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling. The research findings revealed that: 1) Regarding the levels of audience motivation, social media engagement, and team reputation, the causal variable with the greatest total influence on spectator loyalty was social media engagement, with a total effect coefficient of 0.65, followed by team reputation; 2) Audience motivation and social media engagement showed total effect coefficients of 0.51; and 3) The mediating role of team reputation showed that audience motivation had a total effect coefficient of 0.30, respectively. Together, the three variables explained 0.89 (89.0%) of the variance in spectator loyalty (R² = 0.89).

TEACHER COMPETENCY DEVELOPMENT MODEL IN SCHOOL UNDER BORDER PATROL POLICE SUB DIVISION 43

Sun, 30 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research aims to survey the needs and develop a model for developing the teacher competency in school under Border Patrol Police Sub Division 43. The sample group is 70 teachers in school under Border Patrol Police Sub Division 43. The research tools are a survey of the needs for developing the competence of teachers and a competence development model assessment form with a 5-level rating scale and a reliability of 0.920. The statistics used are percentages and standard deviations. The results of the research found that Teachers in the Border Patrol Police School were 49 females (70%) and 21 males (30%). 53 (75.71%) had bachelor’s degrees, 17 (24.29%) had master’s degrees, and 1-5 years of service 26 (37.14%) had 6 - 10 years of service. 18 (25.71%) had 11 - 15 years of service. 10 (14.29%) had 16 - 20 years of service. 7 (10.00%) had 21-25 years of service. 8 (11.43%) had 25 years of service. 1 (1.43%) had 25 years of service or more. The teachers had the highest level of need to develop competency in learner development ( = 4.68), followed by classroom management competency ( = 4.63) and teacher competency development model in learner development. It includes preparation and planning, integration with real life, individual development, authentic assessment and networking. The classroom management competency development model includes creating a creative environment, organizing learning, creating active participation and systematic management.

NETWORK POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT TO RAISE THE STANDARD OF EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION MANAGEMENT CHILD DEVELOPMENT CENTER UNDER UDON THANI MUNICIPALITY

Wilailak Khaosaard, Yada Chosungnoen — Sun, 30 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research aimed to: 1) Develop the capacity of the network promoting child development center standards at child development centers under the Udon Thani Municipality and 2) Enhance the standards of early childhood education at child development centers under the Udon Thani Municipality. This qualitative research study examined key informants or participants in the workshop on raising early childhood education standards 1) Administrators and personnel of the Office of Education 2) The child development center management committee 3) Teachers and childcare providers 4) Parents 5) Representatives of early childhood teachers from schools under the municipality and 6) Private school networks. The research instruments included focus group discussions, interviews, field surveys, conclusions from focus group meetings and forums, and behavioral observation. The results revealed: 1) Develop the capacity of the network promoting child development center standards at child development centers under the Udon Thani Municipality by establishing a collaborative network of government, educational institutions, the private sector, and the public sector. This approach utilizes the concepts of Robert Agranoff, Michael McGuire, and John M. Bryson. These four sectors collaborated to utilize their knowledge base to raise early childhood education standards through forums. The workshop on developing media and innovations in early childhood learning makes the creation of this network an important tool in solving problems that the government cannot solve. 2) Raise the standards of early childhood education management at child development centers under the Udon Thani Municipality by focusing on operations according to early childhood education management standards in 6 areas, which are in accordance with the standards for operations of child development centers under local administrative organizations, national early childhood development center standards, and early childhood education management, early childhood education curriculum 2017.

COMMUNICATION OF ORGANIZATIONAL MANAGEMENT IN MORALITY AND TRANSPARENCY IN ADMINISTRATION OF THE TOWN MUNICIPALITY

Kunnida Thaneto, Supaporn Sridee, Karn Boonsiri, Kuntida Thamwipat — Sun, 30 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research aimed to examine: 1) Policy communication and its driving role in organizational management for integrity and transparency in municipal administration, 2) Communication processes in organizational management for integrity and transparency, and 3) Strategies for developing communication to strengthen integrity and transparency in municipal administration. The study employed a mixed-method design. The qualitative component collected data through in-depth interviews with 33 key informants, including executives, personnel, staff, citizens, and communication scholars. The quantitative component collected data through surveys of municipal officials from Bang Rachan Municipality, Sing Buri Province (54 respondents), Wang Nam Yen Municipality, Sa Kaeo Province (78 respondents), and Chanthaburi Municipality, Chanthaburi Province (98 respondents), totaling 230 respondents. Data were analyzed using frequency distribution, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. The findings revealed that: 1) Policy communication for transparency serves as a foundation for building trust and reducing organizational conflict, with leadership and technology acting as supporting factors. 2) Communication processes emphasized the role of the sender, particularly municipal executives, who must demonstrate credibility and strong communication skills, while staff played roles as receivers and transmitters of information. Messages needed to be accurate, clear, and verifiable, and communication media should be diverse, including official documents, public relations materials, and digital platforms and 3) Developmental approaches - Suggested strategies include 1) Promoting participation of staff and citizens in formulating and communicating integrity and transparency policies, with a clear policy communication framework, and 2) Fostering learning exchanges among municipalities through networks and forums, such as a “Model Municipality for Integrity,” to support continuous development of municipal administration with integrity and transparency.

A STUDY OF SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL DOMAINS AMONG BORDER PATROL POLICE SCHOOL STUDENTS

Nisakorn Hounjid, Monthira Charupheng, Kanchit Sanaubon — Sun, 30 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This study aimed to investigate the social and emotional domains of students at Border Patrol Police Schools. The research adopted an exploratory approach, employing exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis to examine the structure of emotional and social dimensions among students in grades 4 - 6 (n = 100). Additionally, indepth interviews representatives. Research instruments included a measurement scale for social and emotional domains and a semi-structured interview guide for relevant stakeholders. Data collection was carried out by distributing the measurement scale to students during guidance activities, with data gathered over a two-week period prior to conducting in-depth interviews with the sample groups. Data analysis utilized descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation, alongside reliability assessment using cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Factor analysis was performed using bartlett’s test of sphericity and sampling adequacy, followed by principal component analysis. The findings revealed that the cognitive standard domains consisted of five components: belief in utilizing one’s full potential to achieve high-quality outcomes, confidence in one’s ability to succeed, positive attitudes toward work and learning, belief in self-development, and psychological, social, and physical balance, as well as feelings of self-acceptance, respect, and support for oneself and others. These components collectively explained 62.46% of the cumulative variance. The behavioral standard domains included self-management skills, social skills, and learning strategies. This study aligns with the CASEL social and emotional learning framework, which emphasizes the development of five core competencies:self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship skills, and responsible decision-making. The results of this research provide a foundational basis for developing curricula and supplementary activities to enhance the social and emotional domains of students in border patrol police schools, thereby promoting appropriate and positive emotional and social development.

STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP AND MOTIVATION INFLUENCING THE PERFORMANCE EFFICIENCY OF POLICE OFFICERS UNDER THE PROVINCIAL POLICE REGION 7

Wanchak Noichan, Christina Suvannasriha — Sun, 30 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research article aimed to 1) Examine the levels of strategic leadership, work motivation, and work performance among police officers under Provincial Police Region 7. 2) Investigate the factors related to work performance, including the relationships between strategic leadership, motivation, and work performance and 3) Analyze how strategic leadership and work motivation influence the work performance of police officers under Provincial Police Region 7. A quantitative research design was employed. The population consisted of 10,495 police officers, and a sample of 400 officers was determined using Taro Yamane’s formula with probability sampling. The research instrument was a questionnaire validated for content validity using the Index of Item–Objective Congruence (IOC) and tested for reliability using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient which showed high internal consistency. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis. The results revealed that 1) Police officers demonstrated the highest level of strategic leadership (mean = 4.27) the highest level of work motivation (mean = 4.38) and the highest level of work performance (mean = 4.30) 2) Work performance was highly and positively correlated with work motivation (r = 0.899) and strongly correlated with strategic leadership (r = 0.820) with both relationships statistically significant at the .01 level and 3) Regression analysis indicated that work motivation had the greatest influence on work performance ( = 0.663) followed by strategic leadership ( = 0.303).

DEVELOPING A DIGITAL LEARNING MANAGEMENT MODEL BASED ON BUDDHIST PRINCIPLES FOR SMALL SCHOOLS UNDER NAKHON SI THAMMARAT PRIMARY EDUCATIONAL SERVICE AREA OFFICE 3

Chuthamas Chomthong, Boonlert Weeraponkan, Teeraphong Somkhaoyai — Sun, 30 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research aimed to: 1) Study the current conditions, problems, and needs regarding learning management in small schools; 2) Develop a learning management model based on digital technology integrated with Buddhist principles; 3) Implement the developed model; and 4) Evaluate the appropriateness, feasibility, and usefulness of the model. A mixed-methods design was employed. The participants included 206 schools administrators and academic teachers, 15 key informants from in-depth interviews, 5 experts, 9 participants in an expert seminar, and 10 respondents for satisfaction assessment. Research instruments comprised questionnaires, interview guides, expert seminar forms, observation forms, model evaluation forms, and satisfaction surveys. Data were analyzed using percentage, mean, standard deviation, the Priority Needs Index (PNI), and descriptive analysis. The findings revealed that 1) The current state of learning management was at a moderate level, while the expected state was at the highest level. The greatest need was curriculum (PNI = 0.94), followed by instructional media (0.89) and instructional management (0.85). 2) The developed model consisted of principles, objectives, and implementation methods in four areas: curriculum, instructional management, instructional media, and assessment and evaluation, along with success factors. 3) Trial implementation showed significant improvement in knowledge scores (from 11.70 to 17.90), with lesson planning at a high level, and learning management, supervision, and monitoring at the highest level. 4) Overall evaluation indicated the highest levels of appropriateness, feasibility, and usefulness, and have a minimum point that can be used effectively.

“SHAPED BY EDUCATION, TRANSFORMED BY SOCIETY": ACADEMIC PRESSURE AND ISOLATION IN BOARDING SCHOOLS AS JUSTICE PERCEPTION OF GENERATION Z CHINESE STUDENTS

Zicheng Li, Phitsanu Aphisamacharayothin — Sun, 30 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This study had three main objectives: 1) To examine how the boarding school environment influences access to information and the initial understanding of Generation Z in Guangxi, China; 2) To analyze the impact of intense academic pressure on their social participation and social reflection; and 3) To explore changes in their perceptions of fairness and social justice after graduation. A qualitative research approach was employed, and data were collected through in-depth interviews using an interview record form. Participants included ten individuals from Generation Z and 6 individuals from Generation X, the latter providing comparative insights into how social environments have shifted across generations. The findings reveal several key patterns. First, the boarding school environment limited Gen Z’s access to external information and broader social experiences. Second, heavy academic pressure constrained their ability to engage with social issues and reflect on them meaningfully. Third, after graduation, Gen Z experienced a significant shift in their perceptions of fairness and social justice as they encountered forms of inequality beyond their expectations. Overall, the study highlights clear generational differences in perceptions of justice and emphasizes the critical role of educational environments and academic pressures in shaping the development of social justice awareness among Generation Z in Guangxi.

THE BUDDHIST DEVELOPMENT OF VOLUNTEER SPIRIT AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF EXAMPLARY EXEMPLARY YOUTH IN KHON KAEN PROVINCE

Vittaya Thongdee, Suraphon Promgun, Sutipong Sawatta, Phanthiwa Thabphumee — Sun, 30 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research aimed to: 1) Examine the patterns of volunteer spirit and social responsibility among model youth in Khon Kaen Province; 2) Develop a Buddhist-oriented prototype curriculum for enhancing volunteerism and social responsibility among model youth in Khon Kaen Province; and 3) Develop learning activities to promote Buddhist-based volunteer spirit and social responsibility among model youth in Khon Kaen Province. The study employed a mixed-methods research design using a research and development (R&D) process. The key informants constituted the study sample. Research instruments included in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, workshop-based activities, and participant observation. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and activity implementation, and were analyzed using descriptive and inductive content analysis. The findings revealed that the model of volunteer spirit and social responsibility among model youth in Khon Kaen Province comprises three components: Part 1) The characteristics of volunteer spirit and social responsibility of model youth; Part 2) The personal qualifications of youth with volunteer spirit and social responsibility, which must encompass both psychological and physical well-being; and Part 3) The supporting factors that foster youth volunteerism and social responsibility. The developed Buddhist-oriented prototype curriculum for youth development consists of three programs: youth ceremonial and religious protocol facilitators, youth recreation leaders, and youth community communicators. Moreover, the learning activities developed to promote a Buddhist-based volunteer spirit and social responsibility among model youth comprise three types of activities: those promoting youth volunteerism through ceremonial and protocol facilitation, those promoting youth volunteerism through community communication, and those promoting youth volunteerism through recreation leadership.

A PROCESSUAL MODEL OF CYBER FRAUD: INTEGRATING THE SUFFICIENCY ECONOMY PHILOSOPHY - AN ANALYSIS OF CYBERCRIME NEWS IN THAILAND

Nopparat Rattanaprathum — Sun, 30 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research aimed to 1) Analyze and construct a process model of cyber fraud, and 2) Synthesize the relationship between the process model of cyber fraud and the Sufficiency Economy Philosophy (SEP), which consists of the three rings (moderation, reasonableness, and self-immunity) and two conditions (knowledge and morality). This study employed a documentary research method. The data sources were 40 cybercrime news articles published on five online news websites, covering five types of fraud: call-center scams, romance scams, online sales fraud, investment or gambling scams, and email/SMS fraud. The data were analyzed using content analysis, such as identifying key issues, selecting news sources, and collecting news. The research findings revealed that: 1) The five types of cyber fraud share a similar six-step process: initial contact, credibility building, offering or persuasion, increasing pressure, executing the money transfer, and closing contact or escape. In these steps, scammers emphasize quick access to victims, building trust, and then controlling the victims’ decision-making through systematic emotional pressure and manipulation of their motivations. These characteristics reflect the Persuasion Theory, which emphasizes communication aimed at changing attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors. 2) The synthesis indicated that every stage of the fraud process demonstrates a disregard for the principles of moderation, reasonableness, and self-immunity-fundamental to rational decision-making-whose absence precipitates erroneous judgments and vulnerability to fraud. The research findings suggest that the model can be utilized as a foundation for designing curricula, public awareness materials, or cyber-risk prevention training programs, as well as serving as a guideline for future research.