Interdisciplinary Academic and Research Journal

Developing a Management Model for the Guangdong Province Elite Youth Football Players

2025-09-13T10:34:36+07:00

Background and Aims: This study aimed to develop a management model for elite youth football players in Guangdong Province based on the POLC (Planning, Organizing, Leading, and Controlling) framework. Specifically, the objectives were to identify key issues and factors influencing current management practices, design a systematic model, and evaluate its feasibility for implementation.

Methodology: The research employed a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative and qualitative data. The sample included 112 male football players aged 15–18 from club teams and middle schools in Guangdong, selected purposively, as well as experts with extensive experience in football development. Data collection instruments included a questionnaire (validated by IOC = 0.933) and expert consultations through interviews, Delphi rounds, and connoisseurship appraisal. Descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation were used for quantitative analysis.

Results: The results revealed that the overall level of key issues and factors in the POLC dimensions was rated high (≥ 3.83), with several specific problems and components reaching very high levels. The developed management model comprised 20 components in planning, 19 in organizing, 19 in leading, and 19 in controlling. These components emphasized long-term planning, resource allocation, leadership development, and performance monitoring.

Conclusion: The findings indicate that the model is not only theoretically sound but also practically significant. Its application can improve coordination among schools, clubs, and provincial agencies, strengthen policy implementation, and enhance the holistic development of elite youth players in Guangdong. Experts agreed that the model is highly feasible and stressed that its success depends on collaboration among stakeholders and the integration of well-trained personnel into youth football governance.

Developing a Strategic Model to Enhance Physical Activity Motivation for the Elderly in Guangzhou, China

2025-09-08T13:38:07+07:00

Background and Aims: Elderly people in Guangzhou face serious health problems, with chronic diseases remaining widespread amid rapid population aging. Physical activity (PA) plays a crucial role in improving physical fitness and immunity, preventing diseases, and enhancing psychological well-being and social connections. The objective of this research was to develop a strategic model to improve physical activity motivation (PAM) for the elderly in Guangzhou, China.

Methodology: A mixed-method approach by using surveys, focus groups, and a Delphi consensus with experts. The sample was 492 elderly aged 60 and above in Guangzhou, China, in order to formulate strategies to improve physical activity motivation (PAM) in the elderly. The questionnaire was validated by the Index of Item Objective Congruence and found to have IOC. The data were analyzed in descriptive statistics: mean and standard deviation. The Delphi data were analyzed in median and interquartile range with the criteria at the median. ≥3.50, and IQR ≤ 1.50.

Results: The strategies model strategic model to improve physical activity motivation (PAM) for the elderly consisted of six key aspects: the fun aspect, the capacity aspect, the social aspect, the health aspect, the appearance aspect, and the venues aspect. These strategies had social value, improved exercise confidence, established an inclusive emotional community, realized long-term health education and monitoring, improved appearance, and optimized the sports environment.

Conclusion: This strategy model provided a framework of factors and suggested activities for promoting and maintaining active elderly and reducing the health burden of chronic disease.

Development of Health Behaviour Model for Overweight Prevention of Middle Age in Yun Cheng City, the People’s Republic of China

2025-09-13T10:29:32+07:00

Background and Aim: Overweight and obesity are chronic, multi-factorial metabolic diseases, with a rapidly increasing global prevalence that poses a significant threat to public health. Middle-aged populations in developing urban areas may face unique risk factors due to lifestyle and environmental transitions. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a comprehensive health behaviour model for the prevention of overweight among the middle-aged population in Yuncheng City, a mid-sized urban center in northern China.

Materials and Methods: This study employed a sequential mixed-methods design. The target population was middle-aged adults (aged 40-59 years, of both genders, and with a BMI ≥24 kg/m² as per Chinese criteria) residing in Yuncheng City. A multi-stage sampling process was used: first, a cross-sectional survey was conducted with a calculated sample size of 402 participants, selected through stratified random sampling based on residential districts. A structured questionnaire was administered to assess dietary habits, physical activity levels, sleep patterns, and health cognitions. Descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations) were used to identify key factors associated with overweight. Subsequently, purposive sampling was used to select five experts for in-depth interviews. The integrated findings informed a draft model, which was refined through a two-round Delphi consensus process involving a panel of 19 experts. Consensus was defined as an interquartile range ≤1 and a median score ≥4 on a 5-point Likert scale. Final validation was performed by a separate panel of seven experts.

Results: The survey response rate was 97.3% (402/413). Quantitative analysis revealed that overweight status was significantly associated with three primary factors: high daily caloric intake, low physical activity, and habitual late-night activities. The Delphi process achieved strong consensus on a final model comprising 28 elements across five dimensions: 1) Healthy Dietary Behaviour (7 elements), 2) Scientific Physical Activity (6 elements), 3) Psychological and Cognitive Adjustment (4 elements), 4) Sleep and Lifestyle Modification (4 elements), and 5) Social-Environmental Support (7 elements). All dimensions reached the predefined consensus threshold in the second round, indicating high expert agreement.

Conclusion: This study successfully developed a consensus-based health behaviour model specifically tailored for overweight prevention in Yuncheng City's middle-aged population. The model demonstrates high content validity and expert endorsement. It provides a structured, multi-dimensional framework for designing targeted community health interventions. Future research should focus on implementing and empirically testing the model's effectiveness in fostering sustainable behaviour change and reducing overweight incidence in this and similar populations.

A Management Model for University Drone Sport Clubs Based on the POLC Framework

2025-09-25T09:32:02+07:00

Background and Aims: Drone sport has rapidly emerged as a new form of physical and technological education in Chinese universities, yet the management of university drone sport clubs still faces challenges, including insufficient planning, a lack of organizational clarity, limited leadership capacity, and weak evaluation mechanisms. This study aimed to construct and validate a comprehensive management model for university drone sport clubs based on the POLC (Planning, Organizing, Leading, and Controlling) framework.

Methodology: This study employed a mixed-methods design to investigate the management of university drone sports clubs in Guangdong Province. The quantitative phase surveyed 368 participants, including 41teachers and 327 student members, to assess the current management status and identify key issues. Purposive sampling was used to select experts for interviews, Delphi consultation, and focus group discussions. In-depth interviews with five key stakeholders and case studies of selected universities provided contextual insights into operational challenges, leadership practices, and resource management. Based on the integrated analysis, a preliminary management model was developed and refined through two rounds of Delphi consultation with 19 experts, including drone coaches, physical education specialists, and sports managers. Finally, a seven-person focus group discussion was conducted to validate and finalize the model, ensuring its theoretical soundness, practical applicability, and alignment with university and policy requirements. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), while qualitative data from interviews, case studies, and focus group discussions were examined through content analysis. Delphi results were evaluated using median and interquartile range (Median ≥ 3.50, IQR ≤ 1.50), and questionnaires were validated using the Index of Item-Objective Congruence (IOC).

Results: The findings revealed that universities often lack systematic activity planning, resource integration, and leadership mechanisms, thereby hindering the sustainable development of drone sports clubs. The proposed management model addressed these problems by integrating POLC principles with supporting theories such as 4M, Constructivist Learning Theory, and Collaborative Governance Theory.

Conclusion: The developed model is practical and effective in enhancing club operations, improving member satisfaction, and supporting the sustainable growth of drone sport in universities. It provides valuable insights for both policymakers and educational institutions to strengthen drone sport education and extracurricular management. And this is the first validated POLC-based model applied to drone sports in Chinese universities.

Developing Guidelines for Promoting Competence of Ice and Snow Major Students

2025-09-07T13:27:58+07:00

Background and Aim: As the societal demand for ice and snow professionals continues to rise rapidly, the shortage of qualified teachers has become a major barrier to the development of ice and snow sports. In addition, many colleges and universities face challenges such as unclear talent training objectives, curricula that lack scientific rigor and targeted design, and outdated teaching models that require innovation. To address these issues, this research seeks to develop guidelines for enhancing the competencies of students majoring in ice and snow studies, thereby supporting the sustainable growth of both ice and snow sports education and the related industries.

Methodology: This study employed a mixed-methods research design. The research population comprised 1,461 students and 210 teachers specializing in ice and snow sports across four universities: Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Harbin Sport University, Northeast Normal University, and Zhangjiakou University. Based on Taro Yamane’s sample size table, 316 students were selected as the sample, while all 210 teachers were included due to the relatively small population size. Data collection involved the distribution of online questionnaires to 316 students and 210 teachers to investigate the current situation and challenges in promoting the competence of ice and snow major students. In addition, seven experts participated in face-to-face interviews to draft the initial elements of the guidelines, and 15 experts engaged in a focus group discussion to finalize the formulation of the guidelines. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and qualitative content analysis.

Results: The finalized guidelines comprise four core aspects as follows: (1) Training objectives divided 1 element was overall goals; (2) Core competence module and training path divided 4 elements were special sports skills module, teaching and guidance ability module, event and industry competency module, interdisciplinary and digital competence module; (3) Implement safeguards divided 5 elements were curriculum and teaching material construction, practice base and resource integration, dual-teacher training plan, evaluation and incentive mechanism, and regional differentiation support; (4) Collaboration mechanisms divided 3 elements were school-enterprise cooperation, government, enterprise and school linkage, and international co-operation.

Conclusion: The guidelines developed in this study systematically integrate, for the first time, a comprehensive pathway of curriculum optimization, practical enhancement, and collaborative education.

Development of Strategies to Improve Team Cohesion in a Basketball Team Based on Team Trust Analysis

2025-09-25T09:05:18+07:00

Background and Aims: This study aimed to analyze the correlation between basketball players’ team trust and team cohesion and to develop targeted training strategies to strengthen cohesion based on trust analysis. The objectives included identifying the dimensions of team trust, testing their impact on cohesion, and proposing practical strategies to improve basketball team performance.

Methodology: The study investigated 320 male and female basketball players aged 18–22 from five universities in Yunnan Province. A multi-step purposive sampling approach was used. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using multiple linear regression to test the predictive effect of trust on cohesion. Descriptive statistics, mean, standard deviation, and correlation tests were employed. In addition, two rounds of Delphi consultation with 17 experts and expert appraisal with 9 specialists were conducted to refine and validate the training strategies.

Results: The regression model showed that team trust significantly predicted team cohesion (β = 0.536, R² = 0.264, p < 0.001), indicating that 26.4% of the variance in cohesion could be explained by trust. Among the trust dimensions, competence-justice exerted a stronger effect than disposition-trustworthiness. While training strategies were effective overall, weaknesses were noted in attention maintenance and goal-setting practices. The Delphi process confirmed expert consensus on the key improvement areas. Rather than listing all 38 projects, six thematic aspects were emphasized: team management, cohesion enhancement, conflict resolution, member welfare, material support, and communication.

Conclusion: The study concludes that team trust is a critical driver of cohesion in basketball teams. Practical applications include encouraging coaches to design training programs that build competence-based trust, incorporate fair evaluation systems, and strengthen communication channels. For athletes, understanding team dynamics and cultivating trust can improve psychological security, reduce conflict, and enhance collective performance. These insights contribute both theoretically, by clarifying the trust–cohesion mechanism, and practically, by guiding coaches and educators in developing effective training strategies.

Development of an Applied Tai Chi Chuang Exercise Training Program to Improve Balance Ability and Fall Reduction Perception in the Elderly

2025-09-25T08:41:37+07:00

Background and Aims: Falls among elderly individuals represent a significant public health concern, with balance deterioration being a primary contributing factor. Traditional exercise interventions often lack accessibility and cultural relevance for older Chinese adults. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a structured 12-week "Eight Methods and Five Steps" Tai Chi Chuan exercise program on balance ability and fall prevention perception among elderly participants aged 65-75 years.

Methodology: A quasi-experimental study was conducted with 40 elderly participants (aged 65-75) from Wuqi Community Nursing Home in Jinan City. Participants were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n=20) receiving 12 weeks of Tai Chi training (60 minutes, 3 times weekly) or a control group (n=20) attending health education lectures. Balance assessments included static balance (one-legged standing, center of pressure measurements), dynamic balance (Timed Up and Go test), and fall prevention capability (Berg Balance Scale). Data were collected at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks. Data analysis employed a computer statistical software package with significance set at p < 0.05. Independent t-tests compared between-group differences, while repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni correction analyzed within-group changes.

Results: The experimental group demonstrated significant improvements compared to controls across all measures. Open-eyes standing time increased 94.0% from 21.88±3.66 to 42.45±4.10 seconds (p<0.001, Cohen's d=1.85). Dynamic balance improved with TUG times decreasing 17.8% from 11.41±0.29 to 9.38±0.26 seconds (p<0.001). Berg Balance Scale scores increased 7.0% from 51.08±0.80 to 54.63±0.66 points (p<0.001). Center of pressure measurements showed a 57.5% reduction in sway area (p<0.001). Within-group analysis revealed progressive improvements at both assessment intervals.

Conclusions: The structured Tai Chi Chuan program, based on the 'Eight Methods and Five Steps' sequence, effectively enhances balance performance and fall prevention perception in Chinese elderly individuals with large effect sizes, suggesting strong clinical significance for fall prevention interventions.

Developing a Management Model to Promote Physical Education Learning for University Students of Guangxi Province, the People’s Republic of China

2025-09-15T08:02:08+07:00

Background and Aim: This study aimed to develop a comprehensive management model to enhance participation in physical education (PE) among university students in Guangxi Province, China.

Methodology: The study population consisted of approximately 10,500 undergraduate students enrolled in compulsory PE courses across three Guangxi universities. A stratified cluster sampling method was used. From this population, a total sample of 385 students was selected, with 366 valid responses collected (95.1% response rate). Participants included both males (48%) and females (52%), aged 18-22 years, representing freshman to junior year students from multiple academic majors. The research design employed a mixed-methods approach, including a student questionnaire, expert interviews (n=10), focus group discussions (n=10), a three-round Delphi process (n=19), and connoisseurship evaluation (n=9). Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (Mean, SD), Likert scale interpretation, and content validity indices (IOC, Cronbach’s α>0.80).

Results: Findings showed that students demonstrated low intrinsic motivation (M=2.50, SD=0.70) and low autonomy (M=2.30, SD=0.65), while extrinsic motivation (M=3.80, SD=0.72) was relatively high. Academic pressure was identified as a key barrier (M=3.90). Expert interviews emphasized curriculum rigidity, lack of gender-sensitive design, and insufficient facilities. Through the Delphi process, consensus was achieved on 18 core components across four dimensions (autonomy support, competence development, relatedness reinforcement, and institutional strategy). Connoisseurship evaluation confirmed the model’s clarity, appropriateness, and feasibility.

Conclusions: The validated management model provides a context-sensitive framework for enhancing PE participation in Guangxi universities. It integrates SDT-based psychological supports with institutional strategies. While the study did not conduct structural equation modeling (SEM), the results provide strong descriptive and consensus-based evidence. The model offers practical recommendations for policymakers and PE instructors to foster student engagement and long-term fitness awareness.

Development of a Speed, Agility, and Quickness Training Program to Improve Kicking Skills in Youth Novice Taekwondo Athletes

2025-09-15T08:04:39+07:00

Background and Aim: Youth need to undergo physical training when learning Taekwondo because it is a sport with a high level of competition intensity. If young people lack physical fitness, they will find it difficult to effectively engage in this sport. Therefore, teachers should focus on physical training while teaching Taekwondo to youth, adopting effective measures to meet the goals of physical training. So, the main objective of this research was to study the effect of a speed, agility, and quickness training program to improve kicking skills for youth novice taekwondo players in a taekwondo club.

Methodology: This research employed a mixed-method design to develop a speed, agility, and quickness training program aimed at improving the kicking skills of youth novice taekwondo players. The populations were 150 male taekwondo athletes aged 14–16 years, who were surveyed to determine the current situation and training needs. From this group, 30 male taekwondo athletes were selected for the experiment. Research instruments included a questionnaire (IOC=0.89), in-depth interviews with coaches (IOC=1.00) and experts, a focus group outline, and a connoisseurship outline. Independent sample t-tests to compare between-group differences, while repeated measures ANOVA was employed to compare within-group differences across testing phases. Qualitative data was analyzed through content analysis.

Results: 1) After eight weeks of implementing the speed, agility, and quickness training program, the pre-test results showed no significant differences between the control and experimental groups in Front kick, Side kick, Push kick, and Downward kick (p > .05), except for the Hook kick where the control group performed better (7.06±1.22 vs. 6.00±0.84, p = .01). However, post-test results revealed that the experimental group achieved significantly higher mean scores than the control group across all five kicking skills, including Front kick (17.46±1.50 vs. 13.06±1.48, t = 8.055, p < .01), Side kick (16.93±0.79 vs. 10.26±0.59, t = 25.944, p < .01), Push kick (13.00±0.89 vs. 9.46±0.51, t = 13.817, p < .01), Hook kick (13.66±0.89 vs. 8.20±1.26, t = 13.640, p < .01), and Downward kick (24.33±1.17 vs. 15.46±1.24, t = 20.051, p < .01). Repeated measures ANOVA further confirmed significant improvements over time in all skills (Front kick: p < .01; Side kick: p < .01; Push kick: p < .01; Hook kick: p < .01; Downward kick: p < .01). These findings indicate that the program effectively enhanced overall kicking performance in novice youth taekwondo players.

Conclusion: The program has a clear structure, practical feasibility, and alignment with sports science principles. Its key strengths lie in its progressive design, the integration of SAQ with kicking skills, emphasis on safety, and motivation for young athletes.

Influence of Sensory, Affective, and Cognitive Experiences on Revisit Intention: Evidence from Sanxia Old Street, Taiwan

2025-09-26T13:12:57+07:00

Background and Aims: Heritage tourism is essential for sustaining cultural identity and enhancing destination competitiveness. Grounded in Schmitt’s (1999) Strategic Experiential Modules (SEMs), this study investigates how three experiential dimensions—Sensory (Sense), Affective (Feel), and Cognitive (Think)—influence revisit intention in a heritage tourism context. Sanxia Old Street in Taiwan, with its preserved architecture and nostalgic atmosphere, provides an appropriate setting to examine these relationships.

Methodology: A quantitative online survey was conducted with 386 domestic tourists to capture a broad sample beyond on-site visitors. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire measured on a five-point Likert scale and analyzed with correlation and regression techniques to test the hypothesized relationships.

Results: All three experiential dimensions—Sense, Feel, and Think—significantly predicted revisit intention. Think (cognitive experience) was the strongest predictor (β = .344, p < .001), followed by Sense (sensory experience) (β = .254, p < .001) and Feel (affective experience) (β = .194, p = .004). The model explained 55% of the variance in revisit intention (R² = .550), confirming its substantial explanatory power.

Conclusion: This study advances experiential marketing research by applying the SEMs framework to heritage tourism and highlighting the dominant role of cognitive engagement. Practically, it suggests that strategies focusing on cultural learning, authentic sensory features, and positive emotions are essential for sustaining competitiveness and encouraging repeat visitation.

Gugang Xi “Zhuang March 3rd”: The Expression of Zhuang Culture in Visual Design

2025-09-03T14:39:30+07:00

Background and Aims: In 2014, "Zhuang March 3rd" was listed in the national intangible cultural heritage. Governments at all levels in Guangxi began to build the national cultural brand of "Zhuang March 3rd". The brand value of "Zhuang March 3rd" has attracted more and more attention from the world. How to explore the artistic techniques and design practices of the "Zhuang March 3rd" ethnic characteristics in graphic design? This paper aims to create a creative handicraft tourist souvenir design from the traditional festivals of the "Zhuang March 3rd"

Methodology: Combination of qualitative and quantitative research in the visual form of static structure semiotic analysis, field research, and interviews. Combing through the changing process of the visual form of the "March 3rd" festival, on the cultural dimension, historical dimension, natural dimension, and social dimension of the Guangxi Zhuang nationality.

Results: Analyze and study the patterns and color design of Zhuang brocade in Zhuang culture, and further investigate the design of creative handicrafts and tourist souvenirs. Through field investigation, selection of design techniques, selection of pattern elements, and selection of tourist handicrafts, four types of handicraft products of Silk scarves and pillows, and keychains, postcards (Zhuang ethnic pattern keychain, postcard). The final finished style, with rich colors, is suitable for the tourism market.

Conclusion: "Zhuang March 3rd" is integrated into the intangible cultural heritage tourism industry to create tourism souvenirs, release research results to the Guangxi government, improve the local tourism economy, enhance the market position of ethnic minority tourism commemorative products, and change their singularity. Expand the scope of tourism projects, combine the rational development of intangible cultural heritage tourism, and promote the widespread dissemination of the "Zhuang March 3rd" festival celebration.

Guidelines to Promote and Develop the Skills of Physical Coaches for Basketball Clubs in Henan Province

2025-10-02T22:15:17+07:00

Background and Aim: Before the introduction of coaching positions such as physical coaches into China, the head coach and assistant coach were required to be responsible for all the training of the athletes, and the coaches' energy and concentration were limited. So, the main objective of this research was to develop guidelines to promote and develop the skills of physical coaches for basketball clubs in Henan Province.

Materials and Methods: This research employed a mixed-methods design, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. This study designed a questionnaire on the training path of professional basketball physical coaches. Distributed online to the physical coaches of 10 teams in Henan basketball clubs. The questionnaires (IOC=0.67) were analyzed and sorted to obtain the survey results. A total of 5 experts were interviewed to improve the skills of strength and conditioning coaches at a basketball club, based on the current situation database, including 2 managers and 2 basketball physical coaches. The focus group method will involve a total of 9 experts—a connoisseurship method using 5 experts, including 2 managers and 3 basketball physical coaches.

Results: The finalized management guideline was developed under the ICCE framework. The results indicated that, based on the ICCE framework and questionnaire analysis, most dimensions demonstrated moderate to high problem levels (＞3.60). Consequently, the management guideline encompassed five key dimensions: 15 guidelines of exercise programming and periodization, 15 guidelines of assessment and testing, 15 guidelines of first aid and emergency response, 15 guidelines of nutrition basics, 15 guidelines of professionalism and ethics, a total of 75 guidelines to promote and develop the skills of physical coaches for basketball clubs in Henan province.

Conclusion: The guidelines cover the design of training plans based on player characteristics and competition rules and dynamic adjustments, the establishment of a comprehensive and scientific evaluation system and the accurate use of data, the mastery of first aid skills, regular drills and emphasis on prevention, the formulation of nutrition plans according to different stages and attention to details, as well as continuous learning, enhanced collaboration, adherence to professional norms and other aspects, forming a systematic and targeted skill development direction.

Developing a Specific Training Program to Improve 200-meter Sprint Ability for Middle School Students in Chaozhou City

2025-09-26T13:34:29+07:00

Background and Aims: Sprinting plays a central role in youth physical education in China, with the 200-meter sprint serving as a key component of entrance assessments at both middle and high school levels. Despite its importance, training programs in many schools remain repetitive and lack a scientific foundation, often failing to incorporate event-specific principles. Current approaches are largely generic and do not adequately address the unique physiological and technical demands of the 200-meter sprint. Consequently, students struggle to achieve substantial improvements in their sprinting performance. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and evaluate a structured training program designed to improve the 200-meter sprint ability of middle school students in Chaozhou City.

Methodology: This research was mixed-method research. The population of this research was 1,860 students and 24 physical education teachers from four middle schools in Chaozhou. Through the purposive sampling method, a total of 40 students from Zhengrong Middle School were selected as a sample group and participated in a 200-meter sprint test; their performance times were recorded. After that, 40 students were divided into two groups using the systematic sampling method. The training was conducted in 8 weeks, three times per week, and 60 minutes per session. To evaluate 200-meter sprint ability, this research used the sprint start reaction test, the 30-meter running test, the 100-meter curve running test, and the 200-meter sprint test. In this research, mean, standard deviation, independent t-tests, one-way repeated measures ANOVA, and Bonferroni post hoc were used to analyze the data.

Result: The results showed that all ability indicators in the experimental group improved significantly at the 0.05 level compared with the control group. Sprint start reaction time decreased from 0.26 seconds to 0.24 seconds. The 30-meter running time was reduced from 5.08 seconds to 4.64 seconds. In the 100-meter curve running, times improved from 14.25 seconds to 13.75 seconds, and for the 200-meter sprint, times decreased from 27.99 seconds to 27.26 seconds. In addition, within the experimental group, all ability indicators demonstrated significant improvements across each stage (pre-test, mid-test, and post-test) at the 0.05 level.

Conclusion: The findings confirm that the developed training program effectively enhanced the overall 200-meter sprint performance of middle school students in Chaozhou City.

Construction of Physical Movement Games to Improve Motor Movement Ability for Preschool Children

2025-09-13T10:37:31+07:00

Background and Aims: The main objective of this research was to develop physical movement games to improve motor ability in preschool children.

Methodology: This study employed a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative and qualitative research. The participants consisted of 225 kindergarten children in Sichuan Province, who were assessed using the TGMD-3 test, and 5 physical education teachers, who were interviewed. Validity checks were conducted with three experts for teachers and expert interview questionnaires (IOC = 0.86 and 0.83). Seven experts identified factors related to preschool game teaching, and ten experts refined the draft of physical movement games through a focus group. Finally, nine experts verified the developed games using connoisseurship methods, with TGMD-3 data analyzed using mean and standard deviation, and qualitative data analyzed through content analysis.

Results: The research results found that the physical movement games to improve motor movement ability for preschool children for a total of 17 games, including 4 locomotor games, 9 object control games, and 4 integrated skills games.

Conclusion: All nine experts are unanimous that physical movement games for preschool children should be developmentally appropriate, inclusive, and engaging.

Effects of Specific Fitness Training Program on Football Dribbling Skills for Secondary School Students

2025-09-25T09:34:56+07:00

Background and Aims: Football dribbling requires integrated physical and cognitive capabilities. Traditional youth training often separates technical skills from physical conditioning, limiting performance development. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a specific fitness training program integrating neuromuscular, biomechanical, and cognitive principles on football dribbling skills among secondary school students.

Methodology: Thirty male students (aged 14) were randomly assigned to experimental (n=15) or control (n=15) groups. The experimental group completed an 8-week integrated training program combining neuromuscular and technical components, while controls followed traditional training. Assessments included 30-meter sprint, Agility T-test, vertical jump, eyes-closed balance, Illinois dribbling test, and 1v1 breakthrough success rate.

Results: The experimental group demonstrated significant superiority across all physical and dribbling measures (p<.05). Game-specific skills showed dramatic improvements, with 1v1 success rates increasing 75% versus 9% in controls. Physical capacities improved substantially: balance nearly tripled, agility enhanced 22%, and sprint speed increased 13% compared to controls. Progressive improvements occurred across all time points, indicating sustained adaptation throughout the intervention.

Conclusion: The integrated specific fitness training program significantly enhanced both fundamental physical capacities and football-specific dribbling skills. The systematic four-phase periodization model proved effective for sustained adaptation while preventing performance plateaus common in youth training interventions.

Developing a 7S Framework-based Management Guideline to Promote Community Qigong Clubs in Xi’an, People’s Republic of China

2025-09-13T09:58:48+07:00

Background and Aim: At present, community-based Health Qigong clubs in Xi’an City still face significant challenges in management practices, such as loose organizational structures, insufficient professional instructors, a lack of standardized guidelines, and weak safety monitoring mechanisms. The main objective of this research was to develop the 7S framework-based management guideline to promote the community qigong club in Xi’an city, the People's Republic of China.

Materials and Methods: This research employed a mixed-methods design, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. The research population covered 32 communities in Beilin District, Xi’an City (People’s Government of Beilin District, Xi’an, 2023). A total of 359 questionnaires were distributed to investigate the current management problems related to promoting community Qigong clubs, with 320 valid responses collected. In addition, five experts were interviewed to provide consultation on the draft of the management guideline. The guideline was then refined through a focus group discussion with nine experts and further validated by seven experts using the connoisseurship method.

Results: The research results found that the finalized management guideline was developed under the 7S management framework (Strategy, Structure, Systems, Staff, Skills, Style, and Shared Values). The results indicated that, based on the 7S framework and questionnaire analysis, most dimensions demonstrated moderate to high problem levels (X̅ ≥ 3.51). Consequently, the management guideline encompassed seven key dimensions: 10 strategy guidelines, 8 structure guidelines, 10 system guidelines, 8 staff guidelines, 8 skills guidelines, 8 style guidelines, and 8 shared values guidelines. In total, 60 specific guidelines were proposed, forming a systematic, clearly structured, and practically effective framework for promoting community Qigong clubs in Xi’an City.

Conclusion: The management guideline for community Qigong clubs in Xi’an, designed by the researcher and validated through expert review, was found to be scientific, reliable, and applicable. Overall, the study provides both theoretical support and practical strategies for advancing the integration of Health Qigong into urban community life, while ensuring sustainability and cultural inheritance.

Effects of Integrated Power and Plyometric Training on Sprint Performance in College Athletes

2025-09-26T13:40:24+07:00

Background and Aims: This study investigated the effects of integrated power and plyometric training on sprint performance in collegiate athletes. Traditional training approaches that separate strength and explosive power development may limit optimal performance adaptations. This research compared integrated versus conventional training methodologies.

Methodology: A randomized controlled trial was conducted over 8 weeks with 30 male collegiate sprinters from Tianjin University of Sport, China (age: 20.00 ± 0.01 years). Participants were randomly assigned to experimental (n=15) or control (n=15) groups following paired matching based on baseline 100-meter performance. The experimental group performed integrated training combining maximal strength exercises (squats, deadlifts at 80-95% 1RM) with plyometric drills (depth jumps, hurdle jumps) within sessions, while the control group followed traditional segmented training. Both groups trained 4 sessions weekly. Assessments at pre-, mid-, and post-intervention included 100-meter sprint time, split times (30m, 30-60m, 60-100m), standing long jump, strength measures (1RM squat, bench press), and biomechanical parameters. Statistical analysis employed independent t-tests, repeated measures ANOVA, and Bonferroni post-hoc comparisons (α=0.05).

Results: The experimental group demonstrated significantly superior improvements compared to controls in 100-meter sprint time (11.48 ± 0.17s vs. 11.81 ± 0.13s, p < 0.01, d = 2.12), 60-100 meter split time (4.21 ± 0.16s vs. 4.52 ± 0.06s, p < 0.01, d = 2.47), and stride frequency (51.47 ± 1.60 steps. vs. 53.00 ± 0.85 steps, p = 0.02, d = 0.92). Within-group analysis revealed continuous progressive development across all testing phases for the experimental group in all measured variables (p < 0.05, η² > 0.67). Maximal strength improvements were similar between groups.

Conclusion: Integrated power and plyometric training produces superior sprint-specific performance development compared to traditional methods. The synergistic combination enhances neuromuscular adaptations and biomechanical efficiency essential for elite sprint performance, particularly in speed endurance and running economy.

Developing an Integrated Cognitive Training Program to Improve Volleyball Skills for High School Students

2025-09-28T21:32:29+07:00

Background and Aims: Traditional high school volleyball training methods often focus on repetitive technical drills without adequately addressing cognitive development, potentially limiting students' ability to perform effectively in dynamic competitive environments. This study aimed to develop and evaluate an integrated cognitive training program that simultaneously enhances volleyball technical skills and cognitive abilities in high school students aged 16-18 years.

Methodology: The experimental group received an 8-week integrated cognitive training program combining traditional volleyball skills (passing, serving, spiking, receiving) with cognitive components (perception, attention, reaction, decision-making). The control group underwent conventional training. Assessment tools included four validated volleyball skill tests (Static Jump.

Spiking Test, Basic Serve Accuracy Test, Static Passing Test, Dynamic Serve-and-Receive Test; IOC≥0.95) and three cognitive ability measures (Visual-Spatial Perception Test, Selective Attention Test, Tactical Decision Simulation Test; IOC≥0.90). Pre-test, mid-test (4 weeks), and post-test

(8 weeks) Assessments were conducted. Data analysis utilized independent samples t-tests, repeated measures ANOVA, and Bonferroni post hoc tests, with statistical significance set at p<0.05.

Results: The experimental group demonstrated significantly superior performance compared to the control group in spike hit accuracy (63.00±6.76% vs 42.70±12.66%, p<0.001), tactical decision-making reaction time (662.5±93.620ms vs 820.30±47.41ms, p<0.001), and visual perception accuracy (85.10±8.89% vs 74.30±9.58%, p<0.001). Within-group analysis revealed progressive improvements across all measured variables with effect sizes ranging from moderate to large (η²G=0.11-0.50).

Conclusion: The integrated cognitive training program effectively improved both volleyball technical skills and cognitive performance in high school students, supporting holistic youth sport development approaches.